Unit 2

The Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498 was

a. Dias.

b. Columbus.

c. Cook.

d. Magellan.

e. Vasco da Gama.

e

Which of the following was NOT one of the main inspirations for European exploration?

a. the desire to conquer China and India

b. the search for basic resources

c. the desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets

d. the desire to spread Christianity

e. the search for lands suitable for cultivation

a

The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was

a. England.

b. Spain.

c. Portugal.

d. France.

e. Italy.

c

The Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of

a. cotton.

b. sugarcane.

c. indigo.

d. maize.

e. citrus fruits.

b

Which of the following was NOT a reason for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route?

a. that the spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous

b. that Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to stop

c. the high prices charged by Muslim merchants

d. the demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger

e. the desire to expand the boundaries of Christianity

b

The reconquista came to an end in 1492 when

a. Constantinople fell to Islamic forces.

b. Jerusalem was recaptured by European forces as part of the seventh crusade.

c. the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces.

d. the silk roads were overrun by Mongol forces.

e. northern India was recaptured by the British.

c

Lateen sails had the advantage of

a. allowing for faster travel than anything available in the Islamic world.

b. working better in crosswinds.

c. being so colorful that they could be seen from many miles away.

d. being able to take full advantage of a wind blowing from behind.

e. being cheaper because their basic component was jute.

b

The astrolabe was designed to measure

a. latitude.

b. velocity.

c. distance.

d. longitude.

e. depth.

a

Which of the following were both Chinese inventions?

a. sternpost rudder and magnetic compass

b. astrolabe and magnetic compass

c. lateen sail and astrolabe

d. square sail and sternpost rudder

e. magnetic compass and lateen sail

a

Which of the following men conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast?

a. Christopher Columbus

b. Henry VIII of England

c. Francis I of France

d. Süleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman empire

e. Henry of Portugal

e

The first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope was

a. Bartolomeu Dias.

b. Vasco da Gama.

c. Dom Henrique.

d. James Cook.

e. Christopher Columbus.

a

The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of

a. gold and silver.

b. silk and artwork.

c. pepper and cinnamon.

d. silk and ceramics.

e. slaves and weapons.

c

Christopher Columbus's decision to sail west to reach Asia was based on

a. assistance from an experienced Muslim sailor.

b. secret information on trade routes that he had received indirectly from Chinese sources.

c. legends left over from the earlier Viking voyages.

d. his miscalculation of the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan.

e. information that he had gathered after inventing his own astrolabe.

d

When he reached ________, Columbus sent delegates to seek the court of the emperor of China.

a. Cuba

b. Japan

c. Brazil

d. Nova Scotia

e. modern-day Florida

a

On 12 October 1492, Columbus made landfall on an island that the native Taíno called

a. Palos.

b. Guanahaní.

c. Calicut.

d. San Salvador.

e. Gao.

b

The first circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1522 by

a. Francis Drake.

b. Ferdinand Magellan.

c. Vasco da Gama.

d. Ferdinand Magellan's crew.

e. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.

b

Ferdinand Magellan established a trade route between Mexico and

a. Spain.

b. Hawai`i.

c. Portugal.

d. the Canary Islands.

e. the Philippines.

e

Most of the actual exploration of the Pacific Ocean was carried out by the

a. Spanish.

b. Portuguese.

c. English.

d. Dutch.

e. French.

c

The explorer who led three expeditions into the Pacific in the eighteenth century was

a. James Cook.

b. Ferdinand Magellan.

c. Francis Drake.

d. Vasco da Gama.

e. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.

a

The English explorer James Cook died during a fight in

a. Australia.

b. New Zealand.

c. Hawai`i.

d. Tahiti.

e. Guam.

c

In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the Europeans during the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries

a. achieved a monopoly.

b. used an alliance with southern Indian princes to achieve success.

c. were never able to displace the Chinese monopoly.

d. used their seemingly godlike advantage in technology to establish a theocracy.

e. met with limited success because of a lack of personnel.

e

The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to

a. force the native populations to convert to Christianity.

b. form alliances with Chinese princes to take advantage of the large Chinese navy.

c. force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties.

d. conquer territories and bring them permanently into their growing empire.

e. take advantage of their huge population to overwhelm their adversaries.

c

Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka were all seized in the early 1500s by

a. Vasco da Gama.

b. Afonso d'Alboquerque.

c. Francis Drake.

d. Zheng He.

e. James Cook.

b

Which of the following cities was NOT a Portuguese trading post?

a. Goa

b. Hormuz

c. Melaka

d. Bombay

e. São Jorge da Mina

d

In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because

a. it was a small country with a small population.

b. a Chinese resurgence of naval exploration forced the Portuguese out.

c. a late outbreak of the bubonic plague in the seventeenth century killed half the country's population.

d. the English, French, and Dutch formed a lasting alliance designed to force the Portuguese to surrender.

e. the Portuguese tired of the expenses of naval exploration and focused on their European land empire.

a

Which of the following was NOT an advantage the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese?

a. They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships.

b. They created joint-stock companies.

c. They had much better captains.

d. They were wealthier countries.

e. They had much larger populations.

c

The VOC was the

a. English East India Company.

b. indirect trade route that Portuguese mariners used to take advantage of wind patterns.

c. Portuguese missionary organization that spread Christianity along the trade routes.

d. United East India Company.

e. European multinational organization, Victory Over China, that focused on Asian expansion.

d

The Philippines fell to

a. James Cook.

b. Jan Pieterszoon Coen.

c. Miguel López de Legazpi.

d. Ferdinand Magellan.

e. Zheng He.

c

The center of the Spanish commercial activity in Asia was

a. Manila.

b. Batavia.

c. Bombay.

d. Melaka.

e. Hawai`i.

a

Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population

a. was allowed to follow their own religious traditions.

b. was encouraged to pursue a syncretic brand of Christianity.

c. converted almost exclusively to Islam.

d. followed a classical European north-south Protestant-Catholic geographic split.

e. was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism.

e

Jan Pieterszoon Coen was responsible for

a. forcing the population of Indonesia to convert to Christianity.

b. founding the city of Batavia on the island of Java.

c. bringing the Philippines under Dutch control.

d. establishing the United East India Company.

e. the third circumnavigation of the globe.

b

The Dutch policy in Indonesia was to

a. control the production of spices.

b. convert the population to Christianity.

c. rule the native population through strict control.

d. introduce new agricultural products to find a cash crop.

e. control financial institutions but leave the fighting to their French allies.

a

The most prosperous country in Europe in the seventeenth century was

a. England.

b. France.

c. Spain.

d. the Netherlands.

e. Russia.

d

Russian territorial expansion into northern Eurasia began in the

a. fifteenth century.

b. sixteenth century.

c. seventeenth century.

d. eighteenth century.

e. nineteenth century.

b

Russian merchants and explorers began the expansion into Siberia in the quest for

a. gold.

b. silver.

c. copper.

d. furs.

e. iron.

d

In the long term, the Columbian exchange

a. brought a lasting decline in population because of the ravages of diseases such as smallpox.

b. had very little influence on world population figures.

c. led to economic instability because of a glut of Chinese silver.

d. barely broke even financially

e. increased world population because of the spread of new food crops.

e

From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of

a. enslaved Africans.

b. Hindu Indians fleeing religious persecution.

c. northern Europeans seeking economic opportunity in the Americas.

d. Chinese peasant families fleeing recurring outbreaks of disease.

e. southern Europeans seeking political freedom in the Americas.

a

By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which Europeans played dominant roles, EXCEPT

a. China.

b. South America.

c. Australia.

d. India.

e. Africa.

c

The Portuguese ventured into the open Atlantic Ocean seeking fish, seals, whales, timber, and lands where they could grow wheat.

True

Alongside material incentives, the goal of expanding the boundaries of Christianity also drove Europeans into the larger world.

True

The astrolabe was a simplified version of an instrument used by Roman astronomers to determine latitude.

False

Spanish mariners developed a strategy called the volta do mar that enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Spain.

False

When Christopher Columbus returned to Spain, he reported to his royal sponsors that he had reached the islands just off the coast of Asia.

True

Ferdinand Magellan was killed in a political dispute in the Philippines, and of his five ships and 280 men only one ship with 18 men returned to Spain.

True

The goal of the Portuguese in establishing a trading-post empire was to conquer new territories.

False

The English merchants formed an especially powerful joint-stock company, the East India Company.

True

The settlers who established a Russian presence in Siberia included social misfits, convicted criminals, and even prisoners of war.

True

The Seven Years' War laid the foundation for 150 years of Spanish imperial hegemony in the world.

False

Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was

A) his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church.

B) the sale of indulgences.

C) his time spent in England during the English Reformation.

D) the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism.

E) the influence of John Calvin.

B

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was

A) John Calvin.

B) Erasmus.

C) Voltaire.

D) Martin Luther.

E) Henry VIII.

D

The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the

A) need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire.

B) threat posed by Islam.

C) need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt.

D) expense associated with translating original Greek classics.

E) need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica.

E

Who said, "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other"?

A) Martin Luther

B) Jesus

C) John Calvin

D) Sima Qian

E) Henry VIII

A

What was Martin Luther's original issue when he objected to the Catholic Church?

A) a vernacular Bible.

B) the sale of indulgences.

C) the display of relics.

D) priestly authority.

B

Henry VIII's reformation in England

A) was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists.

B) was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation.

C) was inspired more by John Calvin's thought than by Luther's thought.

D) made far more profound changes in theology than Luther's reformation did.

E) ignored Luther and instead pushed for change within Catholic guidelines.

B

The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was

A) Henry's frustration with the pope's inability to bring about church reform.

B) Henry's desire to gain a divorce.

C) Henry's desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades.

D) Henry's belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war.

E) a new English translation of the Bible.

B

The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion was

A) Calvin.

B) Luther.

C) Zwingli.

D) Henry VIII.

E) Paul III

A

To what purpose was the Council of Trent convened?

A) the sale of indulgences.

B) celibacy in priests.

C) as opposition to the Protestant Reformation.

D) all of the above.

D

The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was

A) Avignon.

B) Paris.

C) Geneva.

D) Wittenberg.

E) London.

C

Martin Luther's criticism of the Roman Catholic church was greatly aided by

A) the printing press.

B) the enthusiastic support of clergy in the Catholic church.

C) local newspapers.

D) active guilds and artisans.

E) All these answers are correct.

A

Which one of the following was NOT one of the pillars of the Catholic Reformation?

A) the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas

B) the Council of Trent

C) the Society of Jesus

D) the efforts of St. Ignatius Loyola

E) the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

E

The Council that helped define and advance the Catholic Reformation took place in

A) Trent.

B) Pisa.

C) Wittenberg.

D) Rome.

E) Milan.

A

The Council of Trent

A) rooted out the Arian heresy.

B) successfully reached a compromise in the early Protestant movement between Luther and Calvin.

C) played a key role in Henry VIII's break with the Catholic church.

D) took steps to reform the Catholic church.

E) launched the witch-hunts of the sixteenth century.

D

Ignatius Loyola was instrumental in

A) creating the Society of Jesus.

B) calling together the Council of Trent.

C) making astronomical discoveries that called into question the Ptolemaic universe.

D) the formation of Spanish absolutism.

E) claiming the Philippines for Spain.

A

The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was most probably caused by

A) a dramatic increase in the practice of demonology.

B) the publication of Copernicus's theories.

C) the conquest of Spain by Islamic forces.

D) tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

E) the fear caused by the prominent role that women were increasingly playing in the Catholic church.

D

The usual victims of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century witch hunts were women, but what other characteristic did they share?

A) a marginalized position in society.

B) a religious threat to the local parish.

C) advocacy of women's rights.

D) a belief in witchcraft.

A

Martin Luther's work had enthusiastic popular support because

A) he attacked the sale of indulgences that the poor could not afford.

B) many Christians shared his concern about the corruption of the church.

C) many German princes saw this as a way to break away from the church.

D) he supported the translation of the Bible from Latin into the vernacular languages.

E) All these answers are correct.

E

Ninety-five percent of the condemned witches were

A) men.

B) Catholics.

C) Protestants.

D) women.

E) Muslims.

D

The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was

A) Philip II.

B) Don Juan.

C) Fernando.

D) Charles V.

E) Dom Henrique.

A

The leader of England during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was

A) Henry VIII.

B) Charles II.

C) Mary I.

D) James II.

E) Elizabeth I.

E

The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was

A) the Thirty Years' War.

B) the Seven Years' War.

C) the Hundred Years' War.

D) the Franco-Prussian War.

E) the War of the Spanish Succession.

A

Charles V was the

A) pope who called the Council of Trent to address abuses in the Catholic church.

B) Spanish king who attempted to invade England in 1588.

C) English king who broke with the Catholic church for political reasons.

D) Portuguese leader who supported exploration down Africa's west coast.

E) leader who tried, but failed, to centralize authority in the Holy Roman Empire.

E

Why was Charles V ultimately unable to strengthen the Holy Roman Empire?

A) He was an inept ruler who depended upon his ministers.

B) He was confronted with religious and political problems.

C) The Holy Roman Empire was too loosely connected.

D) He was Spanish and the Empire was German.

B

Which of the following factors was NOT one of the reasons for Charles V's failure to build a centralized, sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire?

A) frequent invasions by England

B) internal religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics

C) external pressure from the French

D) German nobles who refused to bend to Charles's will

E) external pressure from the Ottomans

A

The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by

A) Charles V.

B) Don Carlos.

C) Fernando and Isabel.

D) Philip II.

E) Philip III.

C

Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the seventeenth century?

A) England and France

B) Spain and the Netherlands

C) Russia and Italy

D) the Netherlands and France

E) England and the Netherlands

E

What political motivation encouraged the spread of Protestantism?

A) Protestantism provided people an opportunity to overthrow monarchies.

B) Protestantism encouraged people to claim their individual rights.

C) Protestantism encouraged militarism in European nations.

D) Protestantism provided monarchs an opportunity to break away from the political domination of Rome.

E) All these answers are correct.

D

In response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic church

A) launched a military campaign against the German states.

B) abandoned its monasteries in Germany.

C) abandoned the practice of selling indulgences.

D) summoned a council to clarify doctrine and strengthen their spiritual commitment.

E) All these answers are correct.

D

What was the principle work of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)?

A) to expose witches and heretics

B) to be disciplined, educated representatives of the church throughout the world

C) to be soldiers for Jesus in the battle against Protestants

D) to direct the court of the Inquisition on behalf of the pope

E) to raise money for the church by selling indulgences

B

One reason for the hysterical witch hunts of the sixteenth century was that

A) the conflicts of the Reformation contributed to a climate of suspicion and violence.

B) unusual natural phenomena suggested supernatural causes.

C) desperate people turned to magic to try to improve their lives.

D) new texts claimed scientific evidence of witchcraft.

E) All these answers are correct.

A

The Thirty Years' War began when

A) the pope tried to force his subjects to return to the Catholic church.

B) Elizabeth I attempted to force Protestantism on Spain.

C) Charles V attempted to imprison Martin Luther.

D) the Holy Roman emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to Catholicism.

E) Louis XIV invaded the Low Countries.

D

Who benefited most from the religious controversy generated by the Reformation?

A) the people, because they had religious freedom

B) the peasants, because they were able to leave the estates and move into the cities

C) centralizing monarchs, because they gained more independent authority

D) the Catholic church, because it gained more committed supporters

E) the Islamic empires, because Europe was divided and weakened

C

Which of the following was NOT part of Charles V's holdings?

A) Austria

B) England

C) the Netherlands

D) Hungary

E) Spain

B

Charles V was unable to forge a united empire for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that

A) the Lutheran challenge sapped much of his attention.

B) French kings undermined his efforts and allied themselves with his enemies.

C) there was no central administration to the empire; each state was governed separately.

D) his empire was geographically fragmented.

E) he alienated the pope for failing to crush Luther.

E

The new monarchs were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) large centrally administered bureaucracies.

B) standing professional armies.

C) increased state revenues through taxes.

D) enhanced power at the expense of the nobles.

E) a commitment to individual liberty.

E

The Spanish Inquisition relied on religious justifications to advance what political end?

A) increasing the revenues for the Spanish crown

B) raising a vast army for Spain

C) discouraging the Spanish nobles from adopting Protestantism

D) crushing a suspected Muslim rebellion

E) None of these answers are correct.

C

Seventeenth-century constitutional monarchies were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) representational institutions such as Parliament.

B) a system of shared authority.

C) state support for maritime trade and international commerce.

D) recognition of individual rights.

E) the election of the monarch by the merchant class.

E

According to the divine-right theory of government,

A) power and authority are based on a contract between the sovereign and his citizens.

B) the king derives his authority from God alone and is not accountable to his subjects.

C) the king has a divine mandate to serve his people well; if he violates that trust then he can be overthrown.

D) the people and the state exist only to enrich the sovereign.

E) God is the real sovereign, and the church represents his authority in earthly matters.

B

Louis XIV managed to control the nobles of France and their activities by

A) crushing the most powerful nobles in a civil war early in his reign.

B) heavily taxing the nobles' estates so they could no longer fund private armies.

C) requiring the nobility to live at Versailles where he could distract them and keep an eye on them.

D) appointing hundreds of new nobles from the merchant class, who were loyal to him.

E) All these answers are correct.

C

The reforms of Peter I included all of the following EXCEPT

A) offering better pay for peasants who served for life as professional soldiers.

B) forcing his subjects to adopt western European fashions.

C) forming a council of nobles to advise him on how best to improve the lives of serfs.

D) building the city of St. Petersburg to serve as a base of naval operations.

E) providing extensive training and modern weapons to soldiers.

C

The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, ensured that

A) Germany remained fragmented.

B) the nations of Europe would no longer go to war over religion.

C) each nation was permitted to direct its own internal affairs.

D) the balance of power was the new principle of European diplomacy.

E) All these answers are correct.

E

The population of Europe grew dramatically in the seventeenth century because of

A) improved nutrition, with new American food crops.

B) new agricultural technology, which increased output.

C) the development of the first immunizations for smallpox and plague.

D) improved public health and sanitation.

E) All these answers are correct.

A

New institutions that supported early capitalism included all of the following EXCEPT

A) banks and lending institutions.

B) craft guilds.

C) stock exchanges.

D) joint-stock companies.

E) insurance companies.

B

The putting-out system was profitable for all of the following groups EXCEPT the

A) entrepreneurs who moved cloth production into the countryside.

B) rural workers who did the spinning and weaving.

C) consumers who bought the finished cloth.

D) merchants and traders who shipped woolen cloth outside the country.

E) guild members who specialized in specific elements of cloth production such as weaving or dying.

E

Which individual is incorrectly paired with a scientific discovery?

A) Newton and the principle of gravity

B) Kepler and the planetary orbits

C) Galileo and the principle of inertia

D) Copernicus and the sun-centered model of the universe

E) Ptolemy and the moons of Jupiter

E

Galileo's discoveries would not have been possible without

A) the telescope.

B) the printing press.

C) the astrolabe.

D) the development of calculus.

E) All these answers are correct.

A

Isaac Newton's work seemed to suggest that

A) the solar system was only one of many thousand such systems in an infinite universe.

B) the stars and planets were part of a unified system, governed by the same natural laws.

C) God was indifferent to the prayers and concerns of humanity.

D) it was possible to mathematically prove the existence of God.

E) time and space were relative, not absolute constructs.

B

The English Civil War ended with the trial and decapitation of

A) James I.

B) Charles I.

C) Elizabeth I.

D) James II.

E) Charles II.

B

The architect of French absolutism was

A) John Locke.

B) Cardinal Richelieu.

C) Charles II.

D) Montesquieu.

E) Louis XVIII.

B

The individual associated with the phrase "l'état, c'est moi" was

A) Charles V.

B) Philip II.

C) Cardinal Richelieu.

D) Charles I.

E) Louis XIV.

E

In addition to enhanced administration and improved finances, the new monarchs needed to

A) have the support of the nobility.

B) suppress the power of the nobility.

C) gain the support of the Catholic Church.

D) satisfy the concerns of the lower classes.

B