A&P: chapter 3.2 (flashcards I made)

cytoplasm

• cellular material outside nucleus but inside plasma membrane

• composed of cytosol, cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic inclusions, organelles

cytosol

• the fluid portion

cytoskeleton

• structure

• allows movement of the cell

• can deform itself when the cell has to divide

pieces of cytoskeleton

microtubules: help w/ transport + cell division

microfilaments: give structure and support microvilli (small hairs), help contract (muscles)

intermediate filaments

nucleus

• surrounded by a big membrane

• DNA inside of it

  • never leaves the nucleus

  • associated w/ proteins called histone to form chromosomes

nuclear pores

allows movement to inside and outside of the cell

RNA

• copy of DNA

• has the ability to leave nucleus

nucleolus

• chromosomes are dispersed as chromatin

• during cell division (reproduction), chromatin condenses into compact chromosomes

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

composed of a large and a small subunit

free ribosomes

synthesizes protein used inside the cell

ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum

produce integral proteins and proteins secreted from the cell

ER

surrounds the membrane of nucleus

rough ER

where ribosomes live that create proteins and live outside the cell

smooth ER

• manufactures lipids

• participates in detoxification

  • cells in liver are rich with this

golgi apparatus

• processes what happened at the rough ER

• modify and package those proteins

• transport it to vesicles

lysosomes

• contains battery acids

• how cells eat, kill, and digest stuff

• formed at the golgi apparatus

• contains hydrolytic enzyme

  • can split stuff

• performs autophagy

  • cell will intentionally eat parts or all of itself

    • when parts of the cell are damaged or mutated

peroxisomes

contains enzymes to break down fatty acids and amino acids

mitochrondrion

• powerhouse of the cell

• majority of energy is produced in the mitochondria like ATP

• uses oxygen to make energy

by product of making ATP

• electrons

  • oxygen takes the electron and gets rid of it

• if not bounded to an oxygen known as a bound radical (causes damage like aging, cancer, etc)

mitosis

division of a cell’s nucleus

cytokinese

division of cytoplasm

G0

cells stop dividing

some cells can re-enter the cell cyle

interohase

• cell grows

• replicates DNA

• prepares for division (G1, S, and G2 phases)

prophase

• chromatids condensing (organized)

• nuclear envelope breaks down

• mitotic spindle forms

prometaphase

• spindle fibers are extending to attach the chromosomes kinetochores

• nuclear envelope breaks down completely

metaphase

all the chromosomes are aligned at the cell center (metaphase plate)

anaphase

spindle fibers separate the chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

telophase

• chromosomes are decondensing

• a new nucleus forms around the new chromosomes

cytokinese

• cytoplasm divides

• physically splits the parent cell into 2 separate daughter cells

apoptosis

programmed cell death

meiosis vs mitosis

mitosis

• 1 nuclear division

• 2 daughter cells

• diploid —> 2 diplid

  • 2 sets of chromosomes

• genetically equivalent

• growth, repair, replace

meiosis

• 2 nuclear divisions

• 4 daughter cells

• diploid —> 4 haploid

• genetically varied

• produces gamates