HOA Test 2

Sanctuary

Space for the worship of deities; includes altars, temples, and other structures and monuments

Peristyle

Series of columns surrounding an enclosed space

Cella

Inner chamber of a temple, usually houses a statue of a deity

Kore

Freestanding Archaic Greek Statue of a clothed young woman

Kouros

Freestanding Archaic Greek statue of a naked young man

Contapposto

Posture of the human body that shifts most weight suggesting east and potential movement

Black-Figure

Style of pottery with black decoration on a lighter ground

600-480 BCE

Archaic period in Greece, stone temples and monumental sculpture develop

499-479 BCE

Greco-Persian wars

480 BCE

Early Classical Period begins

Entablature

Cornice, Frieze, Architrave, Metope

Pediment

triangular roof with sculpture inside the triangle that shows a single story

Frieze

Continuous narrative on the inside of the temple behind the metope and cornice

Metope

Each has its own contained story, inbetween cornice

Cornice

Layer between metope and pediment

Architrave

Support layer between columns and entablature

Ranking Cornice

Roof on top of the pediment

Capital

Top of the column, sometimes has decoration and is wider than shaft

Shaft

Main body of column, ridges are called fluting

Base

Ionic and Corinthian, sometimes has decoration

Doric Style

Oldest column style, plain with a slight taper upwards, no base, flat topped capitals

Ionic Style

Second oldest style, scroll motif on the capital, slimmer and taller than doric, has a base

Corinthian Style

Youngest style, taller and slimmer than ionic, capital looks like flowers, has a base

Anatomy of a temple from top to bottom

Pediment, entablature, column, and base

Greek Orders

Doric from mainland Greece, Ionic from Ionia, Corinthian from Corinth

Kouros from Attica

Archaic Style, Greece, Marble

• Rigid Egyptian pose, block-like

• idealized style, large head and eyes, no beard showing youth

• little negative space, but foot moving forward shows evolution of style

Peplos Kore

Akropolis, Athens, Archaic Greek, marble with trace paint

• heavy garment obscures her figure because women were not supposed to be nude

• fabric can also be seen as showing how women’s value was textile making

• holes in head were for metal elements, could imply the statue was actually Artemis

Korous from Anavysos

Attica, Archaic Greek, marble

• more muscular, softer features, archaic smile

• idealized and inaccurate anatomy, short torso

• naturalistic hair, follows curve of shoulders

Archaic Smile

Small smile used to show controlled emotion (virtue) in sculpture, seen as creepy now

Ajax and Achilles playing a Board Game

Made my Exekias, Athens, Archaic Greek, black fig ceramic

• first piece with an artist (“Exekias made me“)

• Black fig was very time consuming and difficult, later switched with red fig

• Highlights the lulls during wartime

• foreshadows Ajax losing his mind at the end of the story when he loses to Achiles, shows public knowledge of mythology and does not need to explain itself

Kritios Boy

Akropolis, Athens, Early Classical, marble

• naturalistic pose, step forward and resting on back leg

• Naturalistic proportions, sad face, soft body yet also muscular

Zeus in Warrior Pose

Found off Cape Artemision, Early Classical, Bronse

• Bronze is a lighter material and allows for more negative space

• naturalistic pose with weight on ball and outside of feet

• stylized face with stoic expression and hair

Chryselephantine

Figure made of gold and ivory

Karyatid

Stone statue of a young woman used like a column to support the entablature of a Greek/Greek-style building

Red Figure

Style of pottery from Athens, red decoration with a black background

Naturalism

Mode of representation that mimics perceptual experience

452

Delian League (league of city states) moves from Delos to Athens, makes Athens wealthy

323-31

Hellenistic period, generals splits Alexander’s empire (Anatolia, Egypt, West Asia, Bactria, NW India)

Iktinoss and Kallikrates, Parthenon

Temple of Athena, Parthenos Greece, High Classical, marble

• step elevation, doric columns

• pediment (new destroyed) shows birth of Athena

Central Scene Frieze from Parthenon, East end

Peplos Scene, Akropolis Athens, High Classical, marble

• 4 large figures, probably gods, surrounded by humans

• Interpreted as women dressing statue of Athena as yearly ritual

• Alt interpenetration is Erectus being given the burial shroud for this daughter after he sacrificed her to save Athens

Polykleitos of Argos, Spear Bearer

Roman marble (copy of Greek Bronze), High Classical

• Example of contrapasto and naturalism

• Bars between limbs is a work around to have more negative space while supporting heavy marble

Dying Gaul

Roman copy of bronze, Hellenistic Greek, marble

• identified as Gaul by mustache, necklace, and hair

• very emotional and expressive → requires viewer to walk around the work to understand it fully

• brings into question who is the victim and victor in this story (Gauls were enemies)

Gigantomachy, Athena Battling Alkyoneos

Great Altar of Zeus in Pergamon (Turkey), Marble, Hellenistic Greek

• Athena pulling giant from Gaia and Nike corwning her to show victory

• References the real victory of Greeks over Gauls

• Diagonal lines used to show action, very emotional

Buddha/ The Buddha

The Buddha is the one who achieved enlightenment, was Siddhartha Gautama or Shakyamuni. Anyone can reach Buddhahood through enlightenment.

Stupa

Mound/hemisphere structure containing Buddhist relics

Torana

Gateway making the entrance to a Buddhist, Hindi, or Jain shrine

Pradakshina

Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain practice of walking around a sacred place/structure (circumbulating)

Bohisattva

Early Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism, a being with potential to become the Buddha. In Mahayana Buddhism, an enlightened being who vows to remain in this world in order to aid all sentient beings towards enlightenment

Aniconic

The indirect visual representation of a divine being through symbols or abstract images

Linga

An abstract representation of the Hindu god Shiva that denotes divine generative energy

Mudra

Symbolic gesture in Hinduism and Buddhism usually involving the hand and fingers

Four Noble Truths

1) Life is Suffering

2) Suffering is caused my desire

3) To stop suffering you must extinguish desire and liberate yourself from attachment

4) To achieve liberation you must follow the eight-fold path of right views, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, mindfulness, and concentration

Lion Capital from Ashokan Pillar

Sarnath, India, Mauryan period, sandstone

• 4 lions pointing in cardinal directions to show the spread of Buddhism

• Wheel iconography reps time and the cycle of life

• base is an inverted lotus flower which grows in a marsh, showing anyone can rise to become a Buddha

The Great Departure

Architrave of eastern torana, Great Stupa; Sanchi, India; Shuga period; relief carving

• Buddha represented by umbrella, leaving the palace on his horse and dismounting horse

• reps Buddha multiple times to show movement through relief

The Buddha

Mathura, India; Kushan period; red sandstone

• yogic pose showing divinity

• long ear lobes and full figure references noble background

• hand up → “fear not“ pose

Jain Tirthankara Parshvanatha

India, Gupta period, sandstone

• detachment represented through nudity

• Jainism is about line of enlightened ones and Jain is the most recent

Eternal Shiva (three faced linga)

Flanked by guardian figures, Shiva Cave temple,; Elephanta, India; Kalachuri kingdom

• Different faces represent different genders (anger = male, calm = female)

• long ear lobes, headdress, downward gaze signals divinity

Barrel Vault

Aka tunnel vault, a semi-cylindrical ceiling that consists of a single curve

Lost-wax casting

A method of creating metal sculpture in which a clay mold surrounds a wax model and it is then fired, the wax melts away, molten metal is poured in to fill the space

Verism

Preferring realism especially in portraiture, to the heroic or ideal, comes from Latin virus meaning “true“

Mosaic

A picture or pattern made from the arrangement of small colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass

Illusionism

Making objects and space in tow dimensions appear real, achieved through using foreshortening, shading, and linear perspective

Chimera of Arezzo

Etruscan, Classical, Bronze, 51 in

• Lost wax casting, shown through thin and intricate details

• Chimera is from Greek myths → Romans adopt Greek culture

• Writing on the statue shows it is for Etruscan god

• The animal being injured makes the viewer appear to be the hero/ question their morals

L’Arringatore (The Orator)

Recovered from Lake Trasimeno, Italy, Etruscan, Roman Period, bronze

• “Orator pose“, shows Roman value of being well spoken

• Roman iconography merges with Etruscan writing on hem → merging of cultures

Tomb of Rabirii

Via Appia, Republican, Rome, marble, 6’8”

• Tomb of freed slaves shown through names

• heavy drape shows modesty and female work, ring show marriage

• Daughter is a devotee of Isis, shows family rising from enslavement

Augustuss as Imperator

Villa of Livia, Prima Porta, Italy; Roman, 1 century CE, marble, originally painted

• many portraits of him made for all over the empire to unite empire

• orator pose

• Cupid figure shows relation to Venus → her support of him

• Armor = powerful military

Gardenscape, Second Style wall painting from Villa of Livia

Prima Porta, Rome, first century BCE

• idealistic → variety of plants in bloom and animals that would not be at the same time

• foreshortening through arch forms and atmospheric perspective in mountains

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)

Rome, 2-1 century BCE, Carrara marble

• Shows prosperity of the empire

Relief of Tellus or Pax

Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, 1-2 century BCE, marble, relief

• Could be a story about creation or peace

• Wind, Earth, Sea → sources of power

Alexander Mosaic

House of the Faun, Pompeii, 2-1 century BCE; copy painting by Philoxenos of Eretria 4th century BCE

• Battle of Issus by Philoxenos → retelling of how Alexander defeated the Persians

arcade

cvered walkway made of a series of arches supported by piers

forum

an open area at the center of a Roman town where people shopped, worshiped, and participated in political or judicial activities

basilica

a longitudinal building with multiple aisles and an apse, typically located at the east end → coopted by christian architecture later

oculus

a round, eye-like opening in a ceiling or roof

iconoclasm

the intentional destruction or rejection of images on religious or political grounds

triumph arch

a freestanding archways that often spans a road or marks an entrance, decorated with relief carvings alluding to a historical, often military victory

Exterior of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

Flavian, Rome, Flavian Dynasty, Tufa and concrete faced with travertine

• entertainment, execution, and political space → if people are entertained they are controllable

• very large with large entrances/exits → less likely to burn down

• center used to hold stage, now we can see stalls where animals would be held

• seating level = social status

Arch of Titus

Rome, Flavian Dynasty, marble

• makes the parade after a victory permanent by marking area where people would walk + records history of victory

Spoils of Jerusalem

Arch of Titus, Early Empire, Rome, marble

• Titus enters the Jewish wars and sacks the Temple of Jerusalem

• Detail shows him bringing back menorah and ritual table

Column of Trajan

Rome, dedicated 110 CE/ Nerva-Antonine Dynasty,

• relief of the campaign against the Dajans from modern day Romania

• doors at the bottom hold Trajan’s ashes

• Statue at the top was Trajan, now St Peter

• Dajans have pants and beards, disorganized; Romans are clean shaven and uniform

Pantheon

Rome, Italy, Nerva-Antoine Dynasty, commissioned by Hadrian

• temple to all Roman gods + imperial lineage

• Columns shipped from Egypt → shows extent of empire

• Partial Porch makes it a frontal building, controls how it is viewed

• dome behind was the largest at the time, made with concrete, had oculus

• Lower levels covered in marble

• Roman concrete has material that heals its own cracks when exposed to rain

Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Geta intentionally erased

Roman, Severan, Egypt, Tempera on wood, 14 in

• Septimius has a “philosopher’s beard“ shows he is smart and militaristic

• 2 sons, 1 erased → could be Geta who was killed by Caracalla, or Caracalla after he was disgraced

• Damnation Memoria, destruction of an image of someone who is disgraced

Portraits of the Tetrarchs