Assessment, Stats, and Diagnosis NCE

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

criterion-based questioning

asking targeted questions mapped directly to DSM diagnostic criteria (including onset, frequency, duration, and functional impairment)

100

a counselor wants to conduct a research study using surveys to gather information; what is the minimum sample size she should use?

biopsychosocial

this interview emphasizes integrating current concerns with developmental and family context before jumping into intervention

insight

the awareness of illness

judgment

decision-making in real-life scenarios

perception

sensory experiences such as hallucinations

cognition

attention, concentration, and executive processing; measured by abstract reasoning and serial subtraction

validity

a random sample is used to ensure what?

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

predictive validity

the extent to which a test accurately predicts future performance or behavior (e.g., a college entrance exam should predict a student's future academic performance)

construct validity

the extent to which a test accurately measures a theoretical characteristic it is intended to measure (e.g., an intelligence test should measure the characteristic of intelligence, not just skills like memory)

concurrent validity

the degree to which test results correlate with other measures or tests administered at the same time (e.g., a new depression scale should show similar results to an established depression inventory)

true

true/false: substance use disorders are ranked for severity in the DSM-5 using mild, moderate, and severe

dimensional assessment

involves examining the severity of the symptom in the context of the overall disorder

yes, if it would cause harm

can a counselor refuse to make a diagnosis?

variability

how spread out or diverse the data values are within a population

true

true/false: greater variability means more differences among participants, which requires a larger sample size

statistical power

the probability a study will detect a true effect or difference when one actually exists (commonly set to .80 and above)

null hypothesis

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error

type I error

rejecting null hypothesis when it is true

type II error

failing to reject a false null hypothesis

effect size

the magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables

true

true/false: larger effect sizes are easier to detect and require smaller sample sizes

coefficient of determination

the square of the correlation coefficient

coefficient of nondetermination

the error variance; 100 - determination coefficient

true

true/false: in a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are equal

categorical description

a person either does or does not meet a set of clinical criteria

dimensional assessment

places a client on a continuum of symptoms for a particular disorder; e.g., autism

false

true/false: a client must indicate suicidality to be considered "severely" impaired

measurement

defining and estimating the magnitude of human attributes and behavioral expressions

assessment

the systematic process of gathering and documenting information regarding a client's knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs

test

subset of assessment; used to yield data regarding an examinee's response to questions

evaluation

making a determination of worth or significance based on the result of measurement

interpretation

counselor assigns meaning to data yielded by evaluative process

power test

limits perfect scores by including difficult test items that few can answer correctly

speed test

limited testing time to prevent perfect scores; use easy questions but limited time

maximal performance test

gives info about the client's best attainable score; includes achievement and aptitude tests

typical performance test

concerned with one's characteristic or normal performance; includes personality tests

standardized test

ensure the conditions for administration, test content, scoring, and interpretations are consistent; have some degree of reliability and validity

nonstandardized test

allow for variability in adaptation in test administration, scoring, and interpretation

true

true/false: a nonstandardized test does not permit an individuals' score to be compared to a norm group, so the counselor must rely on one's judgement to interpret the data

individual test

a test given only on an individual basis

group test

test administered to a large group of people, less expensive, more objective

objective test

consistency in administration and scoring; includes a "right" answer

subjective test

sensitive to rater and examinee beliefs; includes open-ended questions

diagnostic systems

provide standardized terminology that allows professionals to communicate with one another regarding diagnosis and treatment planning

true

true/false: professional counselors are qualified to administer objective tests if they hold at least a master's degree and have completed coursework and training in appraisal and assessment

false

true/false: professional counselors cannot administer projective tests, intelligence tests, and clinical diagnostic tests, even if they receive additional training, supervision, and experience