Stroke Volume and heart Rate

What is cardiac output

The amount of blood pointed out by each ventricle into 1 minute.

HR x stroke volume

What is stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

What is cardiac reserve

difference between resting and maximal CO

What does stroke volume represent mathematically

The difference between:

end diastolic volume (EDV) - the amount of blood that collects in the ventricles during diastole

And

End systolic volume (ESV) - the volume of blood remaining in the blood after it has contracted

What are the most important factors that affect Stroke volume

Preload - degree of stretch of heart muscle

Contractility

Afterload - back pressure exerted by arterial blood

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

the more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole

What is the most important factor stretching cardiac muscle

venous return (amount of blood returning to heart)

What is contractility of the heart

ability of cardiac muscle to shorten in response to electrical impulse

What is afterload

resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

How is heart rate regulated

autonomic nervous system, chemical regulation

How does the ANS regulate heart rate

The ANS adjusts heart rate based on the body's needs, increasing it during stress and decreasing it during rest.

What are chemical regulators of the heart

Hormones - epinephrine, thyroxine,

Ions

What are other factors that regulate heat rate

Age, gender, excercise, body temp

What is tachycardia

fast heart rate

What is bradycardia

slow heart rate