unit5

The expansion of trade in the 18th century was facilitated by the establishment of new trade routes and the expansion of existing ones, such as the __.

Atlantic slave trade

The development of new technologies, such as the steam engine and the __, led to increased productivity and efficiency in manufacturing.

spinning jenny

Colonialism played a significant role in economic expansion, as European powers established colonies in the Americas, Africa, and __.

Asia

The economic expansion in the 18th century led to the growth of the __ class, as well as increased urbanization and industrialization.

middle

The 18th century saw the rise of __ monarchies in Europe, where monarchs had complete control over their countries and were not accountable to anyone.

absolute

The __ was a major conflict fought between 1756 and 1763 involving most of the great powers of Europe.

Seven Years' War

The French Revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a __.

republic

The Congress of __ aimed to restore stability and order to Europe after the upheavals of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

Vienna

Rationalism is the belief that __ is the primary source of knowledge and truth, rather than tradition or authority.

reason

Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from experience and __, rather than innate ideas or divine revelation.

observation

The __ was characterized by the expansion of trade networks, the rise of colonialism, and the development of new technologies.

Growth of Global Market Economies

Population growth in 18th century Europe was driven by improved agricultural practices, advances in medicine, and increased __.

trade

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-18th century and spread to other parts of __.

Europe

The Transatlantic Slave Trade was one of the largest and most brutal forced migrations in history, beginning in the __ century.

16th

The __ was the journey enslaved Africans took across the Atlantic to the Americas, often characterized by brutality and inhumane conditions.

Middle Passage

The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and __ from the 16th to the 18th century.

mercantilism

The Price Revolution was caused by the influx of __ and silver from the New World, leading to an increase in the money supply.

gold

During the 18th century, the establishment of __ banks paved the way for modern financial systems.

central

The 18th century was marked by intense commercial rivalry among European powers, particularly __, France, and the Netherlands.

Britain

The Glorious Revolution marked the triumph of English Protestantism over English __.

Catholicism

The British Empire was the largest empire in history, spanning over a quarter of the world's land area and __ at its peak.

population

The Seven Years' War was primarily caused by the rivalry between Great Britain and __ over colonial territories and trade routes.

France

The American Revolution was influenced by the idea of __ without representation, as the British government imposed taxes on the colonies.

taxation

The __ was a pivotal event during the French Revolution where members of the Third Estate vowed not to disband until a new constitution was established.

Tennis Court Oath

Women played a significant role in the French Revolution by participating in protests and forming political clubs despite their exclusion from political __.

participation

The National Assembly abolished __ and the privileges of the nobility during the French Revolution.

feudalism

The Reign of __ was a period of political repression and violence led by the Committee of Public Safety in France.

Terror

The French Revolution concluded with the establishment of the Directory, which was marked by political instability and military __.

conflict

Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor of France in __.

1804

The Napoleonic Code emphasized equality before the law, the right to __, and protection of individual rights.

property

The Hundred Days' War began when Napoleon returned to France from exile on the island of __.

Elba

The Battle of __ was a decisive victory for the Coalition that marked the end of Napoleon's reign as Emperor of France.

Waterloo

The rediscovery of classical works during the Age of Enlightenment was a result of the __ movement that began in the Renaissance.

humanist

The __ emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authority during the Age of Enlightenment.

Enlightenment

Deism gained popularity among intellectuals during the Enlightenment, reflecting a belief in a distant, __ God.

non-interventionist

Romanticism emerged as a cultural movement in reaction to the Enlightenment and the __ Revolution.

Industrial

Romantic literature emphasized the importance of emotion and the individual, often exploring themes of love, death, and the __.

supernatural

The Haitian Revolution was a significant event, as it was the first successful slave revolt in history and led to the establishment of __ as an independent nation.

Haiti

The rise of __ during the 18th century solidified the power of nation-states and shifted loyalty from monarchs to nations.

nationalism

The effects of the French Revolution included the end of the Ancien Régime and the rise of __ Bonaparte.

Napoleon

The economic expansion in Europe during the 18th century led to increased __ growth, creating new social classes.

industrial