microbio unit 2

mmg 1020-a unit 2: lecture 9-17

antimicrobial resistance

the decreased ability of antimicrobial medications as treatments for infectious diseases due to high selective pressure and increased antibiotic use

equity

fairness, justice, and impartiality for all people

parity

the state of being equal or equivalent

equilibrium

a state of balance where opposing forces cancel out

stewardship

the careful and responsible management of something entrusted to one’s care

transdisciplinary

an approach that interweaves numerous skills, systems, and fields of expertise

what are the 3 “now & future” sustainability issues?

1. climate change

2. antimicrobial resistance

3. increased population growth

what are the three sectors of One Health?

what are the quadripartite organizations?

the FAO (food and agriculture organization of the UN), the WHO, the WOAH (world organization for animal health), and UNEP (UN environment programme)

what are the organizations that partnered to form OHHLEP?

the quadripartite organizations

wtf is OHHLEP?

an expert panel and advisory group that provides strategic oversight for the quadripartite collaboration

what are the 4 C’s of OHHLEP’s approach to One Health?

communication, coordination, collaboration, and capacity building

what are the 5 principles of OHHLEP’s approach to One Health?

1. equity between sectors and disciplines

2. sociopolitical and multicultural parity

3. sociological equilibrium for human-animal-environment interactions

4. stewardship of sustainable behaviour

5. transdisciplinary and multisectoral collaboration

what are the 5 p’s of sustainability?

why is climate change a barrier to sustainability?

it expands the amount of viable habitats for disease vectors, increases water-borne diseases, and leads to warmer water (which leads to flooding)

how does warmer water lead to greater flooding?

heat causes water to evaporate faster from oceans, adding massive amounts of water vapor to the sky (increasing precipitation)

why is population growth a barrier to sustainability?

it leads to habitat encroachment, increased disease transmission (from overcrowding), the spread of diseases (from global travel), and a drain on natural resources

what is the one health definition?

one health is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, plants, and ecosystems

which global organizations practice one health?

the WHO, FAO (food and agriculture organization of the UN), OIE (world organization for animal health), and un environmental programme

which organizations practice one health at home?

the CDC and USDA

quorum

the minimum number of members needed at a meeting to make its contents valid

quorum sensing

the ability to coordinate cell behaviour in response to population density

autoinducer

chemical signalling molecules released by bacteria that enable detection and response to change in population density

operon

a cluster or unit of linked genes that serve a common function

biofilm

planktonic

free-floating

extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)

nosocomial

how do regulatory proteins and autoinducers interact to regulate transcription?

regulatory proteins bind to autoinducers, producing conformational changes that binds to promoter regions and turns “on” the transcription of genes

what is the LuxR protein?

the transcriptional regulator for the Lux operon; recruits RNA polymerase to create proteins

what is the LuxI protein?

the enzyme that synthesizes the autoinducer

what are the 3 steps of biofilm formation?

1. attachment

2. growth

3. detachment

what are the positive impacts of biofilms?

what are the negative impacts of biofilms?

how does V. fisheri benefit from the bobtail squid?

they feed off of nutrients within the internal organs of the squid

what bacterial structure is lost as bacteria move into biofilm formation?

Vibrio fischeri

a gram-negative bacterium that lives symbiotically in the light organ of hawaiian bobtail squid

what do the LuxA and LuxB proteins create?

luciferase, which catalyses a chemical redox reaction that produces light

what is the general mechanism of quorum sensing?

1. autoinducer production

2. biosynthetic pathway

3. sensor pathway

polymicrobial

mixes of normal microbiota and 1 or more pathogens

biofilm

the phenomenon where free-floating (planktonic) bacteria adhere to a surface

sebum

an oily lipid secreted by the skin

MRSA

impetigo

a contagious rash

endocarditis

toxis shock syndrome

scalded skin syndrome

necrotizing fasciitis

meninges

the protective tissue layers around your brain

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

acne etiological agent

Cutibacterium acnes

how does acne develop?

oily skin conditions clog hair follicles, normal bacteria is trapped and feeds on oil

what are the symptoms of acne?

whiteheads and blackheads

what diseases are caused by Staph. aureus?

“staph” infections of the skin & other body systems

skin infections: sty, furuncle, carbuncle, folliculitis, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome

what is the etiological agent of necrotizing fasciitis?

Streptococcus pyogenes

how is Strep. pyogenes transmitted?

it enters through breaks in the skin

what virulence factors does Strep. pyogenes have?

capsules and proteins that impede phagocytosis, enzymes that degrade fascia, and toxins that overstimulate the immune system

what is the etiological agent of anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

what are the characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?

gram positive bacilli; soil bacteria

how is Bacillus anthracis spread?

it can be inhaled, consumed (contaminated food), or cutaneous (enters through the skin)

what virulence factors does Bacillus anthracis have?

it forms endospores and has an anthrax toxin

what is the etiological agent of measles and rubella?

the Morbillivirus and Rubella virus

what are the symptoms of measles/rubella?

rash, fever, cough

how are measles and rubella spread?

what is the etiological agent of chickenpox?

varicella-foster virus

why does the varicella-zoster virus exhibit latency?

how is the varicella-zoster virus spread?

what are chickenpox/shingles symptoms?

a characteristic painful rash

what are the virulence factors of the varicella-zoster virus?

what are the virulence factors of the morbillivirus and rubella virus?

what are the two ways that microbes can cause CNS diseases?

they either infect the meninges or brain tissue OR they release toxins that cross the blood-brain barrier

which three microbes can cause bacterial meningitis?

what are the symptoms of bacterial meningtitis?

sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, severe inflammation

what are the characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

a gram positive diplococci (pneumococci)

what are the virulence factors of Strep. pneumoniae?

it has a capsule (which invades the immune system) and releases a cytolytic toxin

how is Strep. pneumoniae spread?

what are the characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis?

gram-negative diplococci; has an endotoxin and capsule

how is Neisseria meningitidis spread?

what are the characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae?

how is Haemophilus influenzae spread?

what are the virulence factors of the microbes that cause bacterial meningtitis?

why don’t you give honey to a baby?

what is the etiological agent of botulism?

what are the characteristics of Clostridium botulinum?

gram-positive bacilli

what are the virulence factors of Clostridium botulinum?

it forms the deadliest natural toxin known and endospores

how is Clostridium botulinum spread?

what is the etiological agent of tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

what are the characteristics of Clostridium tetani?

gram-positive bacilli

what are the virulence factors of Clostridium tetani?

how is Clostridium tetani spread?

what are the symptoms of tetanus?

what are the symptoms of botulism?

how does viral meningitis compare to bacterial meningitis?

viral meningtitis is much more survivable and much less severe

what is an arbovirus?

an arthropod-borne virus

what is the etiological agent of EEE?

eastern equine encephalitis virus

how is EEE spread?

by infected mosquitoes; they feed on the blood of infected birds

what is notable about humans and horses as hosts for EEE?

they are dead-end hosts (they do not spread it once infected)

what are the symptoms of EEE?

what are the characteristics of EEEV?

what are the etiological agents of viral meningitis?

enteroviruses and coxsackie viruses