ecology module 4.1

define population growth rate

a measure of how quickly a population will increase in size

what does population growth rate also take into account

births, deaths, immigration and emigration

what is the agricultural revolution?

the prehistoric transition from hunter-gatherer societies that were small and nomadic to farming societies that were stationary and larger

what were the two reasons that led to the first dramatic increase in the human population?

to produce more foods and feed more people and it created a greater need for human labor which made humans have more children

what was the next revolution that increased the human population?

industurial revolution

what are the factors that helped the industrial revolution increase human life.

improvements of sanitation and health care, decreased death rates, doubled life expectancy, population surges as improvements spread to countries like India and China

TRUE OR FALSE

The human population is at a higher birth rate than it was in the mid-twentieth century

FALSE, birth rate is slower it’s at 1%

what is zero population growth

the absence of population growth; occurs when birth rates equal death rates

what factors determine human population size?

birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration

define immigration

the movement of individuals into a given population

define emigration

the movement of individuals out of a given population

is the distributions of human around the world even or uneven? why?

it’s uneven due to humans being located close to oceans and major rivers, mainly live in 10 countries (more than half are asia).

what are the two most populous countries?

china and india

define demography

the statistical analysis of characteristics of a population

what is it called when factors favor birth and survival rates?

population growth factors

list examples of population growth factors

clean water, nutritious food, and shelter

what is it called when factors lead to death or reduced reproduction?

resistant factors

list examples of resistance factors

disease, famine, war

what characteristics is this describing? number of offspring per 1,000 individuals per year, tends to be almost twice as high in less developed countries.

crude birth rate

what characteristics is this describing? number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year, less variable worldwide

crude death rate

what is desired fertility?

the ideal number of children an individual indicates he or she would like to have

what is desired fertility influenced by?

health, education, economic conditions, culture, and religion

define total fertility rate

the number of children the average woman has in her lifetime

define pronatalist pressure

factor that increases the desire to have children

what does pronatalist pressure come from?

cultural/religious views, need for children to work, lack of access to contraception

define childhood mortality rate

the number of children under 5 years of age that die per every 1,000 live births in that year

what is replacement fertility

the rate at which must be born to replace those dying in the population

What did Amartya Sen propose? Was it successful?

proposed building development policies around quality of life, not economic growth. Yes it was successful.

what is age structure

the percentage of the population that is distributed into various age groups such using diagrams to show age, gender, how many males/females are in an age group

what are age structure diagrams used for

to predict future population growths

TRUE OR FALSE

A population with mostly young people have a greater potential for growth because many people are of childbearing age or younger

TRUE

what is population momentum

the tendency of a young population to continue to grow even after birth rates drop to replacement fertility (two children per couple)

define demographic transition

a theoretical model that describes the expected drop in once-high population growth rates as economic conditions improve the quality of life in a population

how does demographic transition happen

as a country’s economy changes from preindustrial to postindustrial, when low birth and death rates replace high birth and death rates

what are the 4 stages of demographic transition

preindustrial, industrializing, mature industrial, and postindustrial

define preindustrial

birth and death rates are high but similar; population growth is slow or stationary; population size is low

define industrializing

better conditions lead to lower death rates; birth rates remain high, resulting in rapid population growth

define mature industrial

birth rates begin to fall but still outnumber deaths, population is still growing but at a slower rate

define postindustrial

birth rates are similar to death rates; population growth stabilizes at a new higher population size

define carrying capacity

the population size that an area can support for the long term

overpopulated

the number of individuals in an area exceeds the carrying capacity of that area

ecological footprint

the land area needed to provide the resources for, and assimilate the waste of, a person or population