Genetics, DNA Replication, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations

Vocabulary flashcards covering chromosome structure, DNA replication, base pairing, protein synthesis, RNA types, cancer treatments, and genetic mutations based on the lecture notes.

Nitrogen bases

Molecules that contain nitrogen and other elements, which form the rungs of the DNA ladder.

DNA replication

The process in which an identical copy of a DNA strand is formed for a new cell.

Gene

A section of a DNA molecule located at a specific place on a chromosome that contains the information to code for one specific protein.

Chromosomes

Structures made up of DNA and proteins located in the cell's nucleus through which parents pass traits to offspring.

Genetic code

The specific order of nitrogenous bases along a gene that specifies what type of protein will be produced.

Parts of DNA

The eight components identified as gene, chromosome, Deoxyribose (sugar), Phosphate, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanosine, and thymine.

Adenine base pairing

The base pairing rule where Adenine (A) pairs with T (thymine) in DNA and with U (uracil) in RNA.

Messenger RNA

A type of RNA that copies the message from DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Transfer RNA

A type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein.

Protein synthesis

The process by which proteins are produced in a cell from chains of amino acids.

Amino acids

The molecules that make up proteins, which cells combine during protein synthesis.

Chemotherapy

The use of drugs to treat cancer.

Cancer treatments

The three primary ways cancer can be treated: chemotherapy (drugs), radiation, and surgery.

Types of mutations

The three categories of genetic mutations: addition, deletion, and substitution.

Sex cell chromosome mutations

Mutations that occur when chromosomes fail to separate correctly during the formation of sex cells.