IIR Chapter 2 Y1

Globalization

The process of widening, deepening, intensifying, and accelerating worldwide connections and interactions across economic, political, social, cultural, technological, and environmental dimensions.

Neoliberal globalization

A form of globalization based on free markets, free trade, deregulation, privatization, and the reduction of barriers to the international movement of goods and capital.

Time-space compression

The process through which advances in transportation and communication reduce the practical importance of geographical distance and time.

Supraterritoriality

Social relations and interactions that increasingly transcend territorial borders and are less constrained by geographical distance.

Uneven globalization

The idea that globalization affects different countries, regions, social groups, and individuals unequally, producing different benefits and costs.

Multi-speed globalization

The idea that different dimensions and regions of globalization develop and change at different speeds.

Glocalization

The interaction and adaptation of global and local processes, producing outcomes that combine global influences with local cultures and practices.

Embodied globalization

Globalization involving the physical movement of people and material goods across borders.

Disembodied globalization

Globalization involving intangible cross-border flows, particularly information, data, digital services, and online communication.

Global systemic risks

Risks created by interconnected global systems in which a disruption in one part of the world can produce significant consequences elsewhere.

World risk society

A condition in which major risks, such as pandemics and climate change, transcend national borders and cannot be effectively contained by individual states.

Global governance

The institutions, rules, norms, and processes through which global and transnational problems are managed without a single world government.

Globalization from below

Globalization driven by ordinary people, civil society, and social movements rather than primarily by governments and corporations.

Global inequality

The unequal distribution of wealth, income, resources, opportunities, and power among people, groups, and countries within the global system.

Globalization backlash

Political and social opposition to globalization arising from perceived economic, cultural, political, or social costs.

De-globalization

A reduction or reversal of global interconnectedness, often associated with nationalism, protectionism, geopolitical rivalry, and fragmentation.

Re-globalization

The transformation and restructuring of globalization into new forms rather than its complete disappearance, including through digitalization and emerging centres of global power.

Fragmegration

The simultaneous process of global integration and fragmentation, where globalization can create greater interconnectedness while also producing new divisions.

Global IR (Global International Relations)

An approach to International Relations that seeks to move beyond Western dominance by incorporating diverse perspectives, histories, and experiences from across the world.

Post-Western IR

An approach that challenges the dominance of Western knowledge and theories in International Relations by recognizing alternative intellectual traditions, worldviews, and forms of knowledge.