Unit 3 WHAP

Absolutism

type of government stressing Divine Right and total control by a King

Anglican Church

the Protestant Church created by King Henry VIII in England

Castes

also called jatis , strict social groupings designated at birth for Hindus

Catholic Reformation

the Catholic attempt to fix their own problems and combat Protestant Reformation

Charles V

Emperor of Spain, New Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy

Cossacks

peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia and who combined agriculture with military conquests

Czar

The Russian word for Emperor (Caesar)

Daimyo

A powerful noble in early modern Japan

Devshirme

in the Ottoman Empire, a system (literally, "collection") of training talented children to be administrators or members of the sultan's harem. originally meritocratic, by the seventeenth century it had degenerated into a hereditary caste

Emperor Kangxi

emperor of Qing dynasty, greatly expanded China's borders

Emperor Qianlong

Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. He was approached by Lord Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions but turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Grand Vizier

the chief minister in the Ottoman Empire, under the Great Sultan

Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires which relied heavily on gunpowder and firearms

Gutenberg Printing Press

allowed books to be printed instead of hand written and increased literacy

Henry VIII

King of England who created the Anglican Church so he could get a divorce from his wife and find another woman who could provide him with an heir

Heresy

an idea or belief that goes against accepted Christian belief

Indulgences

piece of paper someone could buy to be forgiven of sins

Inquisitions

tribunals for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

Istanbul

the new name given to Constantinople when the Ottoman Empire conquered it

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

absolute king Russia who first used the term "Czar" and had two distinct periods of rule

Janissaries

an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Jesuits

religious order founded in 1540 that opposed the spread of Protestantism

John Calvin

the founder of the Calvinist Church in Geneva Switzerland

Jizya

tax levied by Islamic stats on certain non-Muslim subjects (dhimmis) who were permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law

Louis XIV

French king who is considered to be the best example of Absolutism due to how much control he had over his kingdom

Macao

Chinese shipping city under the Qing Dynasty and Portuguese

Manchus

ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name

Martin Luther

German monk who began Protestant Reformation with his written work, 95 Theses

Mehmet II

ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1451 who wanted to capture Constantinople and topple the Byzantine Empire

Millets

independent court of law in which members of the Ottoman community could have self-rule

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire ruling India from the 16th to 18th centuries

Ninety-five Theses

the list of grievances written by Martin Luther, which began the Reformation

Ottoman Empire

Turkish empire in the Middle East and North Africa from 1453-1918

Peter the Great

Russian czar who built St. Petersburg and westernized Russia

Philip II

took over Spain in 1555 from his father Charles V

Puritans

non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement when people broke away from the Catholic Church

Qing Empire

Chinese dynasty lasting from 1644 to 1911

Rajputs

regional princes in western India who emphasized military control of their regions

Ronin

Japanese warriors made unemployed by developments in the early modern era, since samurai were forbidden to engage in commerce

Safavid Empire

Muslim Empire in Persia from 1501-1722

Shah

the title a king takes in the Safavid Empire

Shariah

a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and inheritance

Sikhism

developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism

Spanish Inquisition

organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions from Protestants, Jews, and Muslims

Sultan

the title a king takes in the Ottoman Empire

Tax Farmers

process in which the highest bidder was granted permission to collect the taxes and then pay a portion to the government

Thirty Years’ War

war between Catholics and Protestants in and around the Holy Roman Empire

Zamindars

Indian tax collectors who were assigned land from which they kept part of the revenue