AP Bio Unit 1

covalent bond

bond type in which atoms share electrons to fill their outer shell

polarity

difference in atomic electronegatives

hydrogen bond

weak bond interaction between the negative & positive regions of two separate molecules

cohesion

two of the same molecules forming hydrogen bonds

adhesion

two different molecules forming hydrogen bonds

surface tension

hydrogen bonds between H20

Why does water have a high solvency? (why can you mix lots of things into water)

water’s adhesive property

capillary action

result of both the adhesive and cohesive properties of water.

Carbon is found in

All macros: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Nitrogen is found in

proteins and nucleic acids

Phosphorus is found in

Nucleic acids, sometimes lipids

monomers

chemical subunits used to create polymers

polymers

macromolecule made up of monomers

specific monomers make specific polymers

monosaccharides - carbs

amino acids - proteins

nucleotides - nucleic acids

fatty acids - lipids

dehydration synthesis

subcomponents of a water molecule are removed (H and OH) from interacting monomers, covalent bond forms between the monomers.

hydrolysis

polymers broken down into monomers during a hydrolysis reaction

-covalent bonds are broken

Carbohydrates

CHO

monosaccharide (glucose, fructose)

polysaccharide (starch, glycogen)

Glycosidic linkage

connects monosaccharides together to form carbohydrates

usually forms through a dehydration reaction between the hydroxyl (-OH) groups on two sugars

the bond remaining is the glycosidic linkage

Polysaccharides

starch-found in plants as a way to store glucose

glycogen-found in animal cells as a way to form glucose; specifically found in muscle and liver cells

cellulose-found only in plants (tree bark, grass, etc.)

Lipids

CHOP*

fatty acid chain

triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids

ester linkage

bond that connects a fatty acid to glycerol in a lipid

forms through a dehydration reaction between carboxyl and hydroxyl

Saturated fat

“saturated” with H

in animals

solid at room temp

butter, lard

Unsaturated fats

Have some C double bonds, resulting in kinks

in plants

liquid at room temp

corn oil, olive oil

Steroids (lipids)

4 fused carbon rings, hydrophobic, cholesterol regulates membrane fluidity, steroid hormones can cross cell membranes

Phospholipids

Phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tails

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

CHONP

nucleotide (adenine, guanine, etc.)

polynucleotides (DNA, RNA)

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5-C sugar

Proteins

CHONS*

amino acid

polypeptide

main carbon, side chain(r group), amino group, and carboxyl group

Peptide bond

When two amino acids join together through a dehydration reaction

4 different protein structures

1. primary - amino acid sequence, 20 different amino acids, peptide bonds link amino acids

2. secondary - H-bonding within the backbone, helix and beta pleated sheets.

3. tertiary -bonding between side chains ( R groups)

4. Quaternary - 2+ polypeptides bond together

Enzymes

type of protein ( made of amino acids)

enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. They aren’t changed or used up during a reaction

Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA- deoxyribose sugar, thymine, double stranded, strands are antiparallel

RNA- ribose sugar, uracil, single stranded

Hydrogen bonds for A-T pairs

2

Hydrogen bonds for G-C pairs

3