Absolutism

James I

(1603-1625) 1st Stuart king of England. Inherited the throne from Elizabeth I expressed *Divine Right.* He often clashed with parliament, *dissenters* (protestants who differed with Church of England) and *Puritans* (people who sought to purify the church of Catholic practices
united Scotland under the English crown.

Gunpowder Plot

Occurred in 1605 when Guy Fawkes hired a group of men to blow up Parliament when the protestant King and the rest of the protestants Parliament members were inside. He did it solely because he wanted a Catholic England so he of course told the Catholic Parliament members to not arrive that day. One of the Catholic Parliament members however leaked this information to the rest of Parliament, they found the bombs in the basement of Parliament, and Guy Fawkes and his crew were arrested.

Divine Right of kings

Idea that all authority is from God and whatever happens is His will; therefore, if kings have absolute authority, God must want them to have it

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Petition of Rights

(1628) Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.

Long Parliment

(1640-1653) desperate for money to fight the Scots Charles reluctantly recalled Parliament into session this precipitating a constitutional and religious crisis. Executed laud and passed a number of laws limiting royal power
Summoned by Charles I that assembled on Nov 3, 1640, was expelled by Cromwell in 1653, reconvened in 1659, and was finally dissolved in 1660

Grand Remonstrance

Parliament presented Charles I w/ this more than 200 article summary of popular and parliamentary grievances against the crown; As a result, Charles I invaded Parliament w/ soldiers, and this led to the English Civil War.

Cavaliers

Supporters of King Charles I in the English Civil War

Roundheads

A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war

English Civil War

War broke out between Parliament's supporters(Roundheads)and the kings's supporters(Cavaliers). Later Charles I was tried and executed in 1649 as a"tyrant,traitor,murderer,and public enemy". Oliver Cromwell,leader of military,ruled England as "Lord Protector" until 1658.
War between Cavaliers and Roundheads, fought to end absolutism, Roundheads won under *Oliver Cromwell* and set up the Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War

Levelers

political movement during the English Civil War that advocated for popular sovereignty, increased suffrage, and religious and political equality. Have support from common soldiers in army, drafted Agreement of the People, wanted to change seats in Parliament and religious tolerance. Shows growing power of the people and parliament over the king, growth of political parties/factions

Rump Parliament

The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy - Will vote to execute Charles I

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
Called the "Merry Monarch" because the Puritan restrictions were removed
son of Charles I; believed in absolutism, and was secretly Catholic; reinstated the Church of England, but tolerated other protestant groups; accepted the petition of right

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy (1685-1688)

Declaration of Indulgences

Suspended all religious tests and permitted free worship. Local candidates for Parliament who opposed it were removed by royal soldiers and replaced by Catholics. Was enforced so much sometimes, that once, James II imprisoned 7 bishops for not publicly announcing that the king had done away with the laws against Catholics.

Test Act

Parliament passed this in response to James II's declaration of indulgences; required all military members to swear an oath against transubstantiation. In other words it forbid Catholics from becoming politically influential.

William and Mary

1688 Royal couple ruling England, who replaced James II with the comclusion of the Glorious Revolution. Mary was daughter of James II and William was a prince of the Netherlands. Transformed England into a constitutional monarchy.

Glorious Revolution

Following the English Civil War, this event involved the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch. In 1688-1689 James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen with the promise to sign the English Bill of Rights. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy virtually powerless and gave themselves all the power. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular meetings, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament.
By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Constitutional Monarchy

It is a form of democratic government in which a monarch acts as a non-party political head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or unwritten.
A monarchy governed according to a constitution that limits and defines the powers of the sovereign.
Words References : Limited Monarchy,

House of Lords

One of the two divisions of Parliament that was made up 60 members that were either Bishops, Dukes, Earls, and Barons and were all more upper class people and fitting of the noble stature compared to the members of the House of Commons who contained middle class members. The House of Lords' members almost always agreed with the King and/or Queen's decisions so that they could keep their political roles.

House of Commons

One of the two divisions of Parliament that was made up of more middle class and average people that were occasionally elected into office by their peers but more the most part were elected into office by the largest local landowner. The House of Commons were more independent meaning they were allowed to speak their minds more than the members of The House of Lords without losing their political roles.

Cardinal Richelieu

A politique. (1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three-point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Key advisor during the 30 Years war,

Created the intedant system

Intendant system

Created by Cardinal Richelieu in order to weaken the nobility. Divided France into 32 districts with an intendant in charge of justice, police, and finance over their allocated area. The system replaced the established local officials with middle-class or minor noble civil servants.
As a result of this system, the French government became more efficient and centrally controlled - will allow Louis XIV to create his absolutist monarchy.

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.
Gave Huguenots and nobility less power in France.
Joined the side of the Protestants during the 30 years war to lessen Habsburg power, which turned France into the pre-eminent European power during his reign. This was largely achieved via French victories in the Thirty Years' War.
The Three Musketeers is set in the early years of his reign.

Louis XIV

"The Sun King" is considered to be the model of absolute monarchs; he controlled all aspects of government, and demonstrated his power and wealth with his palace at Versailles; engaged in efforts to increase his power by attacking Huguenots and engaging in wars to acquire more territory and power.
- Will revoke the Edict of Nantes.
- Ruled France for 72 Years

Cardinal Mazarin

(1602-1661), The successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue to the state will lead to the Fronde; ran the government while Louis VIV was still a child.

Fronde

A series of aristocratic rebellions against the royal authority of Mazarin in France between 1649 and 1652. The Fronde played a key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace and will convince Louis XIV to create a government with absolute control to prevent the possibility of another uprising.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

(1619-1683), appointed financial minister of finance by Louis XIV, applied system of mercantilism to France, believed France should be self-sufficient, attempted to accomplish this through state support of industries, created a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods, hoped to make Canada part of a vast French empire

Versailles

The huge palace built for French King Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preeminence of French power and architecture in Europe and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility.

Mercantilism

-Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies, which was rooted in the belief that gold/wealth was finite and so the government should acquire as much as possible.
- The purpose of the colony was to benefit the colonizing nation. All resources were drained from colonies.
- export more goods than import.

Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet

French bishop, theologian, renowned pupit orator, and court preacher. Staunch advocate of the theory of political absolutism. One of the most brillian orators of all time and a masterful French stylist. His bes works known to English speakers are three orations delivered at funerals. Also an important courtier and politician at the court of Louis XIV.

Edict of Fountainbleu

Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, led to Huguenot persecution

Louvois

Louis XIV's minister of war that expanded the army and annexed territory along France's border; continual warring drained the French treasury

War of Devolution

This war saw Louis XIV's army overrun Habsburg-controlled Spanish Netherlands and the Franche-Comté, but it was forced to give most of it back in order to maintain a balance of power by the Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic after this war was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

Balance of Power

A strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country. It was one of the guiding principles during the War of Spanish Succession and the Congress of Vienna.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, but allowing Maria Theresa to maintain her throne
(1748) returned everything to prewar conditions, except for Silesia, which Frederick II of Prussia kept.
Also called the Treaty of Aachen. Ended the war of Devolution between France and Spain. Was mediated and guaranteed by the Triple Alliance of England, the Dutch Republic and Sweden. France was forced to abandon its war against the Spanish Netherlands

War of the Grand Alliance

Through his sister in law, Louis XIV claimed part of the Palatinate, which sparked this conflict, whose American phase was known as King William's War. Identify this war between France and the namesake coalition, concluded in 1697 by the treaty of Ryswick.

War of Spanish Succession

(Event) 1701-1713. Started because Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV's grandson) inherited both France and Spain and the other countries worked to prevent his inheriting both thrones <England, Austria, Dutch republic, Portugal, Germany, Italy> vs <France, Spain>. Ended by Treaty of Utrecht, which said that Philip could be king of France and Spain were not united. Britain was the real winner (gained Gibraltar, Canada, etc). Austrian Habsburgs also took Spanish Netherlands and Spanish Italy. Prussia and Savoy became recognized as kingdoms.

Treaty of Utretch

ended War of Spanish Succession and left a bourbon on the Spanish throne but forbade him from ruling both France and Spain;

Ivan IV

the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar
set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow. also known as ivan the terrible.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Romanov tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
The westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress(1682-1725)

Window to the west

Peter the Great wanted his country to have access to Europe so he fought a war with Sweden to obtain an ice-free port on the Baltic Sea, where he built St. Petersburg

Streltsy Rebellion

Military rebellion led by the Streltsy in Moscow while Peter I is on his tour of Europe. Peter rounds up 1,000 people who rebelled, tortures and executes them by hanging and leaves them in the streets.

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Beard Tax

A tax on those men in Russian who wore beards by Peter the Great as a method of Westernizing Russia. Those who had beards were required to carry a token stating that they had paid their beard tax.

Table of Ranks

Peter the Great instituted it to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up. When a non-noble reached the eighth rank, he became a noble.

Azov Campaign

1695-1696. Objective was to control the Sea of Azov. Peter the Great vs. the Ottoman Empire. Attempt to take with land army failed. Then came supported by fleet of ships, successful.

The Great Northern War

Broke out as Peter attacked Sweden(with assistance from Poland and Denmark) in his quest to establish a Russian trading port on the Baltic. After being routed initially, Peter re-organized his army on the western model and eventually gained Estonia, Livonia, and Karella on the Baltic.
Gained his Window to the West.

Cossacks

peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements.

Synod

A representative body of bishops assembled periodically by the pope to advise him on important Church concerns. It is not a legislative body.

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Powerful German Family of Northern Germany situated in Prussia. Will become rivals of the Hapsburgs for supremacy in central Europe. Ruled Brandenburg since 1417; acquired the duchy of Cleves, as well the countries that border Brandenburg. East Prussia lay inside Poland and outside the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; Frederick William establishes these areas into a modern style. This dynasty did not possess a crown.
Fredrick William Great Elector
Fredrick I
Fredrick William I

Fredrick William (The Great Elector)

Created the powerful Prussian state by uniting Branden and Prussia. Built an army of 40,000 men. Set up the general war commissariat to oversee the army.
Used the fear of a Tar Tar invasion to convince Junkers (nobles) to give the Hohenzollern family absolutist rule over the Prussian state.

Junkers

Prussia's landowning nobility. The Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs.

Fredrick I

first king of Prussia

Fredrick William I (The Soldier King)

1710-1740 Prussian ruler and Calvinist, who gained the loyalty of the Prussian Nobles (Junkers) by giving them positions in the army and government, placed emphasis on military values. Created the Sparta of the West. Created a very strict society

Leopold I

Austrian Leader who encouraged eastward movement of Austria that was challenged by the Turks. Austria gained possession of the Spanish Netherlands and revived formal recognition of its occupation of Spanish territory. It was never fully centralized.

Schonbrunn

Built by Hapsburg emperor Leopold I in Austria in response to the building of the Versailles Palace; baroque structure

Charles VI of Austria

Instituted the Pragmatic Sanction, forbidding the Hapsburg lands from ever dividing and formally recognized the right of his daughter Maria Theresa to take the throne.

Stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.
This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions in a province in the Netherlands. (Sometimes had control over all provinces - main example was the House of Orange)

Dutch Golden Age

Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success.

liberum veto

voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom