World Civ I Exam 2

Geography of Rome

Rome is protected by the Seven Hills of Rome and is surrounded by two rivers(Tiber and Rubicon); city-states were not separated geographically

Etruscans

drawn from for Rome's civilization

Fasces

symbol of rule or government; encompasses power(axe head) and unity(bundle of rods)

Imperium

absolute power

Monarchy(753-509 BCE)

shortest phase; 7 Kings

Republic(509-31 BCE)

magistrates(day-to-day); 2 consuls(main); praetors(vice executive); dictator served only in emergencies; senate(held the greatest power, 300 served for life); assemblies(elected magistrates)

Empire(west)

31BCE- 476 AD

Byzantine(east)

31 BCE- 1453 AD

Gentes

family unity

Paterfamilias

oldest male of the house hold unlimited power and arranged marriages

Women

no political voice; indirect influence via training of children and advising

Slavery

1/4 to 1/2 the population were enslaved; were usually POWs or worked off debt

Latifundia

large estates where slaves would work

5 stages of Struggle of the Orders

Office of Tribune, Plebeian Council, Law of 12 Tables, Canulein Law, Hortensian Law

Patricians vs Plebeians

Plebians wanted to hold office and the right to intermarry within social classes

Law of 12 Tables

the first written law in Rome

Struggle of the Orders(494-287 BCE)

process for Plebians to have more rights in Rome

3 Stages of Roman Conquest

Peninsula, Carthage, Hellenistic World

Punic Wars(264-146 BCE)

3 wars between Rome and Carthage; Carthage was defeated in the second war but the third is to punish Carthage

Consequences of the Punic Wars

Westward Expasion, increased slavery, more latifundias and less small farmers, growth of middle class, creation of a professional army

4 Reasons for Rome's Success

Confederation model, superb diplomacy, policy of rebellions, practical strategies(colonies, communication network)

Confederation Model(338 BCE)

incorporates other people groups into becoming Roman citizens

4 Crises Leading to the Fall of Rome

Land crisis, political, military, crisis in virtues

Gracchi Brothers

a bill was proposed for land redistribution, brothers were assassinated by Senators who opposed the bill

Marius and Sulla

pair of generals that used the loyalty of their soldiers to gain more power

Triumvirate

Pompey, Crassus, Caesar

Ides of March(March 15 44 BCE)

assassination of Caesar by Senators

Octavian and Battle of Actium(31 BCE)

Octavian defeated Antony to become dictator of Rome

4 Reforms of Augustus

Government(large bureaucracy); Military(praetorian guard, barracks, 28 legions, auxiliaries); religious(rebuilt temples); building(massive building and roadwork)

Res Geste

read about Augustus after his death; allowed him to control the narrative of his legacy

Pax Romana(27-180 AD)

the Roman peace

Romanization and Silk Road

expand economy collided with the Silk Road and extended roadworks allowed for larger trade networks

3 Types of Roman Law

civil law, law of nations, natural law

Roman Architecture

Greek influence with heavy influence on the human form; Vitruvius

Crises of Late Empire Peroid

Political, Economic, and Social; dictatorships, civil wars, plagues, monetary collapse, invasions

Diocletian and Tetrarchy

2 emperors(Augustus) and 2 co-emperors(Caesar)

Constantine and Constantinople

Edict of Milan, St. Peter's Basilica

Odoacer

Becomes King of Italy; deposes Romulus Augustus

6 Reasons for Collapse of Empire

over-extended military, financial problems, lack of health, leadership was lacking, carving up of empire, religious changes

5 Settlement Areas in Americas

Mesoamerica(Mayas, Aztecs), South America(Incas), North America(Moundbuilders, Pueblos)

Maya characteristics and geography

major advancements; theocracy; rival city-states; grand palace; land=wealth

5 social classes of Maya/Aztec/Inca

King(not divine), priests and nobles, merchants, farmers, indentured servants and slaves

Mayan Religion

polytheistic; Itzamma(creator); Jaguar god of the night(evil); central pyramid was a shrine to the gods; ball court

Aztec characteristics and geography

Valley of Mexico; warriors; Alliances

Lake Texcoco and Tenochitlan

where they lived

Aztec Religion

polytheistic; supreme diety was Ometeotl; nature spirits and patron dieties

Inca characteristics and geography

extreme climate and geography; Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean

Cuzco

capital city that has an elevation of 10,000 ft

Pachakuti

he who rules the world; Incan conqueror

Tahuantinsuyu

World of the 4 Quarters; system by pachakuti of ruling his empire; limited to 10,000 residents

Moundbuilders geography

Mississippi and Ohio river; Poverty point and Cahokia were main cities

4 characteristics

not unified civilization; different political structures, religious beliefs, and languages; chiefdoms; tribute, gift-giving, captive taking

4 Themes of Belief

ceremony important, spirits in all things, spiritual leaders held godly power, belief in multiple spirits but 1 creator

Beliefs on property, land, gender

property(no individual property, reciprocity and gift giving); land(communal resource); gender(matrilineal society, female ownership and rights)

Pueblo geography

dwelled in Canyons

3 Heirs to Rome

Germanic kingdoms, byzantine empire, Islamic world

4 Patriarchs of Catholic Church

St. Benedict of Nusia(Benedictine monasteries), St. Patrick(Ireland), St. Augustine of Canterbury(England), Boniface(Germanic tribes)

Features of Church in Rome

Grew up in Rome, Mirrored Rome, Survived

Petrine Succession

Peter as "rock"; first bishop of Rome; Papal power via Peter

Byzantine Empire(330-1453 AD)

Constantinople, Prospered long after West, Justinian

Justinian and 3 Legacies of Justinian

Leader of the Byzantine empire; roman law, intellectual life, building program

Corpus luris Civilis

Body of Civil Law, codification of Roman Law in Latin

Iconoclastic Controversy (1054 AD)

whether or not icons were bordering on worshipping idols in Catholicism; eventually lead to a split in the Catholic Church

4 Features of Byzantine Empire

Greek, not Latin, is the dominant language; Church is subordinate to state; by 1054, religion is Greek Orthodox; Byzantine Empire acted as buffer, protecting Western Europe from the advance of Islam

Birth of Islam

570 AD was born from Muhammad

Muhammad, Allah, Koran, Mecca

Muhammad is the prophet of Allah; the Koran is the sacred text of Islam; Mecca is the birthplace of Islam

5 Pillars of Islamic Faith

Belief in Allah and Muhammad as his prophet; standard prayer five times daily and public prayer on Friday at midday; observance of holy month of Ramadan; pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime(hajj); giving of alms to the poor and unfourtunate

Characteristics of Early Middle Ages

sparsely populated; hard to cultivate land; limited agriculture methods; climate; disasters; subsistence agriculture

Franks and Clovis

Unites and extended Frank kingdom; Catholicism; codifies law; partitions

Carolingian Dynasty

begins with Charles Martel

Charles "Hammer" Martel

wins a battle and officially begins the Carolingian Dynasty

Battle of Poitiers/Tours (732)

began the Carolingian dynasty; Charles Martel

Pepin III and Donation of Pepin

Martel's son; first Carolingian; defeat Lombards; donation of Pepin Papal States; begins the alliance of Church and state

Charlemagne(HRE 800 AD)

expands the empire; curbed power of counts(office appointed, can remove counts)

4 Actions of Charlemagne

expands, alliances, church building, aids poor Christians

4 Symbols of Holy Roman Empire

Birth of Holy Roman Empire; "Rebirth" of Western Rome; fusion of 3(Germanic, Roman Empire, Catholic Church); enduring strength of Roman Empire

9th Century Invasions

caused people to retreat into the interior of the empire

3 Invading Groups

Vikings, Muslims, Magyars

5 effects of invasions

relocation of interior, kings can't protect, people turn to local lords, king's power weakened, military order

Feudalism

vassalage and manorialism

Vassalage

a system in which a vassal pledged loyalty to a lord

Fiefs

land for service

Lords

takes care of solider's needs

Homage

binds the oath

Obligations of lords and vassals

Knights- military service, appearance at court, hospitality
Lords-protections, provisions

Manorialism

manor- agricultural estate
serfs- worked land(peasant class)

Selfs and restrictions of serfs

serfs- tied to the land; could not marry without lord's permission

6 Themes of the High Middle Ages (1000-1300 AD)

demographic, socio-economic, legal, labor, education, architecture

5 Agricultural Technologies

heavy plow, use of iron, use of horseshoes, horse collar, watermills and windmills

3 Agricultural Practices

3-field rotation, cooperative villages, land lease system

3 Business Practices

commercial contracts, insurance, double-entry bookkeeping

Charters of Liberty

document that gave the control of the city to the citizens of that city rather than the local lord

Communes

rebellion against the local lords whenever Charters of Liberty were denied

Mayors

elected by the citizens of the city; figurehead that didn't have much power

City Councillors

elected by the citizens of the city; passed laws and judged cases

Guilds

controlled every aspect of a particular trade; would establish prices for goods or services; determined whether you were allowed to apprentice for a particular trade

Apprenticeships

a method of learning a trade; masters were only deemed as such by the guild that corresponded to their particular trade

Life in Medieval Cities

inside walls, small buildings, narrow streets, multi-storied buildings, no sanitation, no running water, pollution was rampant from overcrowding, chamber pots were dumped into the street and canals

Scholasticism

revival of intellectual learning; balances religious teachings with Ancient texts; focused on proving the existence of God and infallibility of the Bible

Peter Abelard

used logic to study faith