Chapter 8 Charting oral exam and oral pathology - Part 3

active resorption of dental hard tissue by odontoclasts

tooth resorption

tooth resorption is commonly found where

1. mandibular third premolars

2. first molars

3. maxillary third and fourth

tooth resorption is found in what age

4-6 years

what are the stages of tooth resorption

Stage 1: lesions extend only into the cementum

Stage 2: lesions progress through the cementum into the dentin of the root or crown but the pulp is not affected. Proliferative gingiva may cover these defects

Stage 3: Lesions progress into the pulp chamber. Most of the crown retains its integrity

Most of the tooth retains its integrity

Stage 4: Lesions destroy a significant amount of the crown

4a: crown and root equally affected

4b: crown more severely affected than root

4c: root is more severely affected than crown

Stage 5: Lesions have significant root replacement resorption with coverage of the gingiva. There will not be any clinically apparent tooth tissue

what are the tooth resorption radiographic appearance types

Type 1: There is a focal or multifocal radiolucency with otherwise normal radiopacity and normal periodontal ligament space

Type 2: There is a narrowing or disappearance of the periodontal ligament space in at least some areas and decreased radiopacity

Type 3: Includes type 1 and 2 appearance in the same tooth. Tooth has areas of normal and narrow or lost periodontal space. There is focal to multifocal area of decreased radiolucency and generalized decreased radiopacity in other areas of the tooth

what are the 6 basic points to evaluating the occlusion of a normal bite

1. the "scissor" incisor relationship

2. canine interlock

3. premolar interdigitation

4. alignment of developmental grooves at the carnassial teeth

5. consistent freeway space between arcades

6. head symmetry

what malocclusion is type 1 where the jaws are perfect but a tooth is out alignment

dental malocclusions (neutroclusion)

what causes neutroclusion

1. retained deciduous teeth, lance canines

2. anterior or posterior crossbites (base narrow canines)

what malocclusion is type 2 and 3 where it is caused by

skeletal malocclusion

malocclusion term where the tooth is away from midline

distoversion (DV)

malocclusion term where the tooth is toward the midline

mesioversion (MV)

malocclusion term where the tooth is toward the tongue

linguoversion (LV)

malocclusion term where the tooth is toward the lips

labioversion (LABV)

malocclusion term where the tooth is toward the cheek

buccoversion (BV)

when an animal has a normal occlusion except that one or more mandibular teeth are in a more buccal or labial position than the opposing maxillary tooth

crossbite

crossbite that is anterior and usually the incisors

rostral crossbite (CB/R)

crossbite that is posterior and usually the premolars or molecules

caudal crossbite (CB/C)

what may be caused by a structural narrowing of the mandible eruption of the mandibular canines in an upright position where indention and ulceration occurs on the palate

mal-1 base narrow canines

how is base narrow canines corrected

ball therapy

malocclusion class where a skeletal defect results when the mandible is shorter than normal (overbite)

class 2 malocclusion (MAL-2)

what is the main concern of mandibular distoclusion

mandibular canines striking the hard palate

class 3 malocclusion when the mandible is longer than normal (underbite)

mandibular mesioclusion

mandibular mesioclusion are normal in what breeds

1. bulldogs

2. pugs

3. persians

when the mandible is too long with mandibular incisor positioned labial to the maxillary incisors

mandibular prognathism

when the maxilla is shorter and the premolars are overcrowded and rotated but the mandible is normal

maxillary brachynathism

class 4 malocclusion where one quadrant of the mouth did not develop properly where the incisors do not align correctly

asymmetrical skeletal malocclusion (wry bite)

asymmetrical skeletal malocclusion can be caused by what

1. genetics

2. traumatic injury

what are the three classifications of MAL-4

1. rostrocaudal asymmetry

2. side-to-side asymmetry

3. dorsoventral asymmetry

the joining of two teeth that have different tooth buds

fusion (T/FUS)

what occurs when the tooth bud is partially divided and attempts to create two teeth

gemini (T/GEM)

the angulation of the roots or the crown of the tooth

dilacerated roots

dilacerated roots are most often found where

multirooted teeth

development issue that occurs when there is an infolding of the dental papilla before calcification of the dental tissue, usually found in dogs

dens invaginatus (T/DENS) / Dens in dente

dens invaginatus most commonly occurs in what teeth

1. maxillary canine

2. mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars

when a tooth that has not erupted may be retained in the gingiva or alveolar bone

dentigerous cyst

the cyst is lined with what from the enamel epithelium of the tooth forming organ where the cyst can develop rapidly and be very invasive, destroying the adjacent teeth and the alveolar boner

enamel epithelial cells

dentigerous cysts are commonly seen in what breeds

brachycephalic

pediatric dental concerns help detect what

dental issues

causes the teeth to be very brittle, discolored, and easily fractured

dentinogenesis imperfecta

supernumerary teeth that are abnormally found in the anterior region of the mouth

peg teeth

causes swelling on one side of the ventral portion of the mandible in large breed dogs where the periosteal bone formations is though to be an inflammatory condition that spontaneously resolves

mandibular periostitis ossificans

an abnormal growth of tissue resulting from uncontrolled, progressive multiplication of cells

tumor

what tumors are usually more aggressive locally

benign

tumors that are aggressive locally and metastasize to other sites in the body

malignant

what are the most common malignant tumors in the dog

1. melanoma

2. squamous cell carcinoma

3. fibrosarcoma

the most common malignant to the cat is what

squamous cell carcinoma

approximately what percent of oral tumors in dogs are benign

5%

the presence of loose teeth in a patient with otherwise good dentition warrants what

oral neoplasia

what are symptoms of oral masses

1. haltiosis

2. drooling

3. swelling

4. dysphagia

5. anorexia

6. mandibular or retropharyngeal lymph node enlargement

7. disinterest in chew toys

8. blood staining

9. exophthalmos

10. facial asymmetry

11. nasal discharge

12. pawing at mouth

what is caused by a virus that may be transferred from dog to dog usually occurs in dogs younger than 2 years that usually goes away on its own; looks like wart

canine viral oral papillomatosis (OM/PAP)

caused by self inflicted trauma as a result of animals chewing on the inside of the cheek or tongue

cheek chewers granulomas

how are cheek chewers granulomas treated

1. excise tissue

2. extract maxillary 4th upper premolars and mandibular molar

gingival enlargement (hyperplasia) is common in what breeds

1. bockers

2. cocker spaniels

mass containing fibrous tissue in the gingiva

peripheral odontogenic fibroma (fibromatous epulides)

a mass of cells that include enamel, dentin, cementum, and small tooth-like structures

odontomas

tooth-like structures

denticles

odontomas develop in dogs younger than how old

1 year

what is the odontomas treatment

excision

appears as severe ulcers of plaques and is frequently seen in cats than dogs

eosinophilic granuloma

eosinophilic granulomas are located where

1. upper lip

2. palate

3. glossopalatine arches

tumor that is primarily composed of proliferating epithelial cells of dental origin and is very destructive even though it is benign

acanthomatous ameloblastoma

the most commonly found tumors in older dogs that is very invasive and highly catastatic to lymph nodes, lungs, and bones

malignant melanomas

most common tumor in cats where there is a gray to pink, ulcerated, cauliflower like appearance

squamous cell carcinoma (OM/SCC)

second most common tumor in cats, and third in dogs where the base is broad

fibrosarcoma (OM/FS)

tumor that is found on the maxilla or mandible that can be present as a soft tissue mass that is red or friable

osteosarcoma (OM/OS)