Lipids, polysaccharides and proteins

amylose— is it branched, where are the bonds, alpha/beta glucose?

• unbranched— straight linear chain of glucose molecules

• 1,4 glycosidic bonds

• alpha glucose

amylopectin— is it branched, where are the bonds, alpha/beta glucose?

• branched

• 1,6 glycosidic bonds in additional chains

• 1,4 glycosidic bonds in main carbon chain

• alpha glucose

glycogen— is it branched, where are the bonds, alpha/beta glucose?

• highly branched (more branched than amylopectin)

• 1,4 glycosidic bonds in its straight chain

• 1,6 glycosidic bonds for branching chains

• alpha glucose

cellulose— is it branched, where are the bonds, alpha/beta glucose?

• not branched, highly rigid structure

• beta glucose

• 1,4 glycosidic bonds

triglycerides are composed of…

1 glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids, ester bonds

phospholipids are composed of…

1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acid tails, 1 phosphate group, ester bonds

how are triglycerides formed?

triglycerides are formed when 3 fatty acid chains join together with a glycerol molecule through a condensation reaction. the entire hydroxyl (OH) group of glycerol is released and the H in the carboxyl (COOH) is released, forming H2O and ester bonds.

what is a saturated fat

a straight and linear fatty aid chain with no double bonds between carbon atoms.

are saturated fats solids or liquids and why?

solid (e.g., butter, meat) because their molecules are tightly packed together so they have stronger intermolecular forces

what is an unsaturated fat

a fatty acid molecule that contains one or more double bonds within its carbon chain.

are unsaturated fatty acids solids or liquids and why?

unsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature because there are more kinks and bends, which causes the molecules to be loosely packed. this means that they have weaker intermolecular forces.

monounsaturated fatty acid

a type of unsaturated fatty acid that only has 1 double bond

polyunsaturated fatty acid

a type of unsaturated fatty acid that has 2 or more double bonds

cis fats

the arrangement of hydrogen atoms around the double bond is on the same side, causing a bend/kink

trans fats

the arrangement of hydrogen atoms around the double bond is on opposite sides, keeping the carbon chain straight

endotherms

animals that generate and control its own internal body heat rather than relying on the outside environment