Fetal Growth and Development

These flashcards cover key vocabulary related to fetal growth and development, including stages of development, types of growth, and the influence of maternal factors.

Prenatal

The period before birth that involves the development of the fetus.

Perinatal

Relating to the time shortly before and after birth.

Neonatal

Pertaining to the first few weeks after birth.

Postnatal

The period after birth when the infant continues to grow and develop.

Hormonal Regulation

The control of growth and development through hormones.

Gestation

The period during which an embryo develops inside the female's womb.

Altricial

Species that are born in an immature state and require significant parental care.

Precocial

Species that are born in a relatively mature state and can move around shortly after birth.

Allometric Growth

Differential growth of body parts in relation to overall body size.

Isometric Growth

Growth where body proportions remain constant throughout development.

Fetal Growth Rate (FGR)

The rate at which the fetus grows, influenced by maternal conditions.

Litter Size

The number of offspring produced by a mammal at one time.

Maternal Nutrition

The nutritional status of the mother, which affects fetal development.

Epigenetic Factors

External factors that affect gene expression and can influence growth.

Endocrine Hormones

Hormones that are released into the bloodstream and regulate growth.

Placental Environment

The physiological and biological conditions provided by the placenta for fetal development.

Gestation Length

The duration of pregnancy from conception to birth.

Hormone Control of Fetal Growth

The process by which hormones regulate the growth and development of the fetus.

Amniotic Fluid

The fluid surrounding the fetus in the amniotic sac, which provides cushioning, helps regulate temperature, and allows for fetal movement. Amniotic fluid is crucial for the development of the lungs and digestive system as the fetus swallows and inhales it in utero.

Umbilical Cord

A flexible structure that connects the fetus to the placenta, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. The umbilical cord typically contains two arteries and one vein, facilitating blood flow between the fetus and mother.

Placenta

An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing nutrients and oxygen to the growing fetus while removing waste products. The placenta also produces hormones essential for maintaining pregnancy and supporting fetal growth and development.

Teratogens

Substances or factors that can cause malformation or developmental abnormalities in a fetus when the mother is exposed during pregnancy. Common teratogens include certain drugs, alcohol, infections, and environmental toxins.

Neurodevelopment

The process by which the nervous system grows and develops, particularly during prenatal and early postnatal periods. Factors affecting neurodevelopment include genetics, maternal nutrition, and environmental influences, impacting cognitive and motor skills.

Critical Periods

Specific time frames during development when certain processes or structures are particularly sensitive to environmental influences. Critical periods are especially important for neurodevelopment and organ formation, as disruptions can lead to lasting effects.

Fetal Movements

Kicks and movements made by the fetus during gestation, often felt by the mother. These movements are an important indicator of fetal health and well-being, typically becoming noticeable between 18 to 25 weeks of pregnancy.

Birth Weight

The weight of a newborn infant at birth, a key indicator of health. Low birth weight can signal potential health issues, including prematurity, while high birth weight may be linked to gestational diabetes in the mother.

Colostrum

The first form of milk produced by mammals immediately after giving birth, rich in antibodies and nutrients crucial for the newborn's immune system and overall health. Colostrum helps to establish gut flora in neonates.

Neonatal Screening

A series of tests performed on newborns shortly after birth to identify genetic, metabolic, and infectious conditions that could affect health and development. Early detection through screening can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes.