Chemistry 103 exam 3

phospholipids, fats, glycolipids

Which compounds have a glycerol “backbone”

galactose, a triose, a salt of a fatty acid, a soap

Which compounds are water-soluble

CO₂, a steroid hormone, a fatty acid, cholesterol, and diethylether

Which compounds can slide through the cell membrane

an amino acid, glucose, ribose, ethanol, glycerol

Which compounds need a protein channel to get inside of a cell

waxes, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, and oils

Which compounds are saponifiable

phospholipid

most polar compound

cis double bond

A fatty acid with what kind of bond will have the lowest melting point

HDL

Which lipoprotein is called the “good” cholesterol

LDL

Which lipoprotein transports most of the cholesterol to the cells

VLDL

Which lipoprotein carries triglycerides from the intestine to the fat cells

HDL

Which lipoprotein has the greatest abundance of protein

HDL

Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol to the liver

VLDL

Which lipoprotein is the least dense of the 3

VLDL

Which lipoprotein carries triglycerides synthesized in the liver to the muscles

VLDL, LDL, HDL

Which lipoprotein contains phospholipids and proteins

steroid structure

What are the components of cholesterol

fatty acid

What are the components of arachidonic acid

amine alcohol

What are the components of choline

steroid structure

What are the components of aldosterone

sucrose and fatty acid

What are the components of olestra

steroid structure

What are the components of estrogen

galactose and glycerol

What are the components of a glycolipid

fatty acid and a long chain alcohol

What are the components of beeswax (wax)

glycerol and fatty acid

What are the components of olive oil (fat)

glucose

What are the components of glycogen

glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate, and an amine alcohol

What are the components of lecithin

glycerol and fatty acid

What are the components of butter (fat)

steroid structure

What are the components of vitamin D

steroid structure

What are the components of progesterone

glucose

What are the components of dextrin

phospholipase

What enzyme allows a compound to be released from the cell membrane

cyclooxygenase

What enzyme uses a ring to convert compounds

cortisone

What prescription anti-inflammatory inhibits phospholipase

aspirin

What over-the-counter drug inhibits cyclooxygenase

Celebrex

What prescription drug is used to inhibit one form of the enzyme and not the other

acetyl CoA

What compound is used to synthesize cholesterol

liver

Where is cholesterol made

gallbladder

Where is excess cholesterol not needed by the body transported

gallstones

Excess cholesterol might accidentally precipitate out as what

aldosterone

What steroid hormone regulates Na⁺ and K⁺ ions and promotes water retention

cortisone

What steroid hormone regulates the conversion of proteins to carbohydrates

lecithin

What is the emulsifier found in egg yolks called

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

What kinds of lipids are found in cell membranes

glycerol and 3 salts of fatty acids

What are the products of the saponification of fat

steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts

What are the compounds in which cholesterol is used to synthesize

ionic end (hydrophilic)

What general structural feature do phosphatides share with soap

5-carbon ring

What structural feature is found in most prostaglandins

ester

What functional group is found in a saponifiable lipid that is not found in a nonsaponifiable lipid

energy, insulation, and protection

What functions does fat serve in the body

Yes, but it is difficult

Can a wax be converted into a soap

Oil is an unsaturated fatty acid

What are the differences between a fat and an oil

fatty acid

What is the product of acid hydrolysis

salts of fatty acids

What is the product of base hydrolysis

it has very few double bonds

Why do vegetable oils have a melting point similar to fats from animal sources

9

How many kcals of energy/gram to lipids provide

triglycerides

What provide energy storage in adipo

phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids

What are the structural components of cell membranes

steroid hormones

What are critical intercellular messengers

A, D, E, K

What vitamins are lipid-soluble

shock absorption and insulin

What are two things provided by lipids

A collection of organic molecules grouped based on solubility in non-polar solvents

define lipid

saturated and unsaturated

what are the 2 types of fatty acids

glycerol-containing lipid

define glyceride

sphingolipids, steroids, waxes

what are nonglyceride lipids made of

lipoproteins

what are complex lipids

long straight-chain carboxylic acids

What is the structure of a fatty acid

10-20

fatty acids typically contain how many carbons

it cannot be synthesized by the body

What does it mean to be an essential fatty acid

stearic acid

What is a typical saturated fatty acid

oleic acid

What is a typical unsaturated fatty acid

it has no double bonds

what does it mean to be a saturated fatty acid

it has double bonds

what does it mean to be an unsaturated fatty acid

cis configuration, it doesn’t allow fatty acids to pack closely together

What configuration are double bonds in, and what happens to the fatty acid

lowers

what do double bonds do to melting point

9th

which carbon is the double bond typically on in an unsat. fatty acid

bend it

what do cis double bonds do to the chain in a fatty acid

increase, increasing

melting point ______ with ______ carbon number

saturated

which type of fatty acid has a higher melting point

tightly

are sat. fatty acids loosely or tightly packed

fish oil, flaxseed, and canola oils

where are Omega-3 fatty acids present

An essential fatty acid required to make arachidonic acid

what is the purpose of linoleic acid

The term for the three groups of structurally related compounds

what is an eicosanoid

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, ad thromboxanes

what are the 3 eicosanoids

potent biological molecules which act like hormones in controlling the body’s processes

what are prostaglandins and what do they do

20 carbon unsat. fatty acid chain with a 5 carbon ring

what is the structure of a prostaglandin

ring substituents and number of side chain double bonds

what are prostaglandins named based on

tissues

where are prostaglandins made

blood clotting, inflammatory response, reproductive system, GI tract, kidneys, and respiratory tract

which biological processes are regulated by eicosanoids

inhibits synthesis by acetylating cyclooxygenase

what does aspirin do to prostaglandins

an enzyme necessary for prostanglandin synthesis

what is cyclooxygenase

esters with fatty acids

What do alcohol groups on glycerol form

1, 2, or all 3 alcohol positions

where can esterification occur

monoglycerides, diglycerides, and tryglycerides

what do glycerides produce in esterification

ionic or nonpolar and serve as energy storage in adipose cells

what are triglycerides and what do they do

it has a fatty acid chain at one of the alcohol groups of the glycerol

what is the structure of a monoglyceride

it has a fatty acid chain at each alcohol group of the glycerol

what is the structure of a triglyceride

a combination of glycerol and fatty acids

what are fats

animals

where do fats come from