CogPro

Memory

Childhood memory

typically 3-4 years olds

Acquisition

How memories are formed

Retention of storage

how memories are saved

Retrieval

how memories are accessed and remembered

visual duration

3 seconds

Auditory duration

2 seconds

haptic

touch

echoic

hearing

iconic

eyesight

olfactory

hearing

gustatory

taste

short term memory

instant and easily accessed

Chunking

Categorizing / built separate units

inference types

proactive

retroactive

Proactive

Older material interferes with new

retroactive interference

new material interferes with the old

primacy effect

likely to recall first few times, due to rehearsal

recency effect

Likely to recall last few items, working memory

long term memory

explicit (aware) and implicit (unaware)

Explicit memory types

semantic

episodic

implicit memory

procedural

semantic memory

Generalized knowledge (know it without remembering how)

episodic memory

a specific experience

procedural memory

knowledge of how to do things (riding bike)

Rehearsal Types

Maintenance

elaborative

Maintenance Rehearsal

repeating info over and over

Elaborative Rehearsal

connecting meaning to help remember it

incidental learning

learning that happens unintentionally (task specific)

mnemonics

uses technique like imagery to help remember info

reduction coding

ALL = Alex loves love

method of loci

house (remember the path to house)

peg word

two-shoe and one-bun

The 7 sins of memory

D. Schachter

transcience

loss access over time

absent mindedness

superficial processing

Blocking

temporary access failure

misattribution

attributing something to an incorrect source

suggestibility

implanted memories

bias

current beliefs distort past info

persistence

unwanted recall

General Amnesia

Memory loss due to injury or illness

Retrograde amnesia

disruption for things learned PRIOR to the event

Anterograde amnesia

disruption for things learned AFTER the event

Dissociative (psychogenic) state

loss of memory as a result of a traumatic event

organic amnesia

damage to brain regions (head injury)

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Long term alcohol abuse

schema

mental pattern of knowledge that is typical in a particular situation (knowing what you would typically find in office (desk)

Script

mental pattern of knowledge typical of events (restaurant (sit down, order, eat)

Elizabeth Loftus

eye witness memory research

techniques to improve recall

1. Cognitive review

2. hypnosis

3. emotional engagement

The cognitive review

recreating original experience to help trigger memories

emotional engagement

Plays a role in directing the attention spotlight to specific details

flashbulb memories

vivid, well preserved memories

encoding phase

manipulate mobile freely

retrieval phase

mobile no longer linked to body

A concept

an internal, mental representation of the properties of objects or events

exemplar approach

memory of specific examples

prototype approach

mental average or typical example

affordance

what the environment allows us to do

novice categorizers

rely on similarity to exemplars ( tend to think of most recent)

expert categorizers

rely more heavily on “generating” a prototype (even though never seen it)

Exploratory procedures (EP’s)

Hand gestures

network theories

works to imitate the neuro structure