Exam2

Thoracic duct

The vessel that receives lymph from most of the body.

Lymphedema

Excess accumulation of fluid within the tissues.

Tonsils

Lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria from the throat.

Lymph fluid

Contains water, proteins, ions and lymphocytes.

Spleen

Lymph organ whose major function is to destroy worn out red blood cells.

Thymus gland location

In the thoracic cavity lying just over the heart.

Peyer's patches

Categorized as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Medullary cords

The internal portion of the lymph node where lymph cells are arranged in cordlike fashion.

Cisterna chyli

Lymph vessel that receives lymph drainage from the lower limbs.

Lymph node clusters

Large clusters of lymph nodes are present in the groin, armpits and neck.

Trabeculae

Connective tissue strands that divide the lymph node into compartments.

White pulps

Part of the spleen where adaptive T and B cells responses are mounted.

Medullary sinuses

Structure in the lymph node that contains macrophages and reticular cells.

Pharyngeal tonsils

Located in the superior portion of the throat and are not visible through the mouth.

Lymphocyte origins

Lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow but further mature before they are effective against disease.

Lymph flow

In one direction towards the heart.

Lymph nodes

They remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid.

Efferent lymph vessel

Vessel that drains the lymph nodes.

Lymph transport

Lymph movement is dependent on muscle contractions of adjacent muscles.

B lymphocytes

Cells that recognize antigens and produce plasma cells.

Acquired immunity recognition

Determined by a person's genes.

Active and passive immunity

Both are specific immunity that uses antibodies.

Inflammatory response

Prevents the spread of an infectious agent to nearby tissues.

Structure of antibodies

1 heavy and 2 light strands of amino acids.

T cells

Some are called memory cells.

Helper T cells

Stimulate B cells to divide and differentiate into plasma cells.

IgE

Antibody that makes specific mast cells degranulate and create an allergic reaction.

Inflammation signs

Edema is present due to accumulated body fluid in the area.

Antibody structure bonds

Disulfide bonds hold the heavy and light chains together.

Complement role

It enhances both innate and adaptive defenses.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Caused by Human immunodeficiency virus.

Natural killer cells

They can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated.

Phagocytes

Neutrophils are attracted to the infected area by chemotaxis.

Opsonization

When complement coats a microbe and provides binding sites for phagocytes to engulf the invader.

First line of defense

Skin and mucosa.

Cytotoxic T cells

The only T cell population that can directly attack and kill cells.

Delayed hypersensitivity

Allergic contact sensitivity.

Leukotrienes role

They increase vascular permeability and attract neutrophils.

Antigens

One antigen can have different antigenic determinants and can cause more than one type of antibody to be produced.

Control of breathing rate

Increase in hydrogen ions stimulate chemoreceptors.

Respiratory membrane composition

Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused membrane.

Gas exchange term

Internal respiration.

Tidal volume

The 500 ml of air inspired in a normal breath.

Trachea lining

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Oxyhemoglobin

Formed when oxygen binds with hemoglobin.

Routing of food and air

Responsible structure is the larynx.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Mechanism is diffusion.

Lungs attachment to thorax

Held by surface tension from pleural fluid, positive pressure, and atmospheric pressure.

Vital capacity

Total amount of exchangeable air.

Breathing stimulus

Increased carbon dioxide in the blood.

Right lung feature

Associated with the middle lobe.

Carbon dioxide in blood

Accumulation leads to decrease in pH.

Surface tension reducer

Chemical is surfactant.

Pharynx function

Auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

Air movement process

Called pulmonary ventilation.

Gas law relation

Explains pressure and volume relationship as Boyle's Law.

Air travel path

From pharynx to larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.

Air routing area

Innervated by nerve pulses from the medulla.

Chemical digestion

Metabolic reactions in which enzymes split macromolecules into smaller molecules.

Saliva enzyme

Major digestive enzyme is amylase.

Haustra definition

Pouches formed by taeniae coli in the large intestine.

Hydrochloric acid function

Activation of pepsin.

Uvula significance

Conical muscular process hanging from the free border of the soft palate.

Pulp cavity contents

Normally filled with blood vessels.

Middle small intestine section

Jejunum.

Lingual frenulum purpose

Secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Structure continuous with esophagus

Laryngopharynx.

Bile function

Emulsifies fats.

Villi

Fingerlike projections of the mucosa in the small intestine for absorption.

Pancreas function

Produces insulin, glucagon, and hydrolytic enzymes.

Chyme path

Cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, rectum.

Swallowing structures

Pharynx, larynx, tongue, and soft palate.

Common bile duct formation

Union of common hepatic and cystic ducts.

Large intestine role

Bacteria flora synthesizes vitamin K.

Parietal cells secretion

Secrete hydrochloric acid.

Food release regulation

Pyloric sphincter controls the release from the stomach into the small intestine.

Myenteric nerve plexus location

Located in the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal.

Stratified epithelium function

Provides protection in the gastrointestinal tract.