Humanities Population Geography

Population

Number of people living in a place

Birth Rate

Number of live births per year per 1000 people

Death Rate

Number of deaths per year per 1000 people

Natural Increase

Births minus deaths

Natural Decrease

When deaths exceed births

Immigration

People entering a country to live there

Emigration

A person leaving a country to live elsewhere

Net Migration

Immigration minus emigration

Total Mortality Rate

Number of infants who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person can expect to live under current mortality conditions

Replacement Fertility

The fertility rate needed to replace itself over time without migration

Population Change Formula

Population Change = (Births - Deaths) + (Immigration - Emigration)

Reasons death rates fell while birth rates stayed high

Medicine, sanitation, healthcare, food supply

What increases birth rates

Limited access to contraception, large families being culturally valued, parents relying on children in old age

What decreases birth rates

Improved infant survival, higher costs for raising children, career choice influencing families

What makes death rates fall

Medicine, vaccination, clean water and food

What increases death rates

Famine, disease, war, poverty, poor sanitation,

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus, attacks immune system

AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a condition associated with severe immune system damage

How to prevent HIV/AIDS

Testing, awareness, use of condoms, antiretroviral treatment

What are the impacts of HIV

Reduced life expectancy, increased healthcare spending, children losing parents, possible effects on farming and food security

Overpopulation

When the number of people in a population puts pressure on available resources

Underpopulation

When there are too few people in a population to use available resources

Carrying capacity

The number of people an environment can support with the resources available

Problems caused by overpopulation

Food/water shortages, overcrowding, pressure on public services, pollution

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another

Internal migration

Movement within the same country

International migration

Movement between countries

Immigrant

Someone who moves into a country or place

Voluntary Migration

Movement a person chooses

Forced Migration

Movement forced by danger, conflict, disaster

Refugee

Someone forced to leave their country because of persecution or danger

Push factor

Something that encourages people to leave a place

Pull factor

Something that attracts people to a place

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family or origin country

Brain Drain

Loss of skilled or educated people when they migrate

Benefits for migrants

Higher wages, better employment, greater safety, better healthcare, better quality of life

Difficulties for migrants

Cost of moving, separation from family, language and cultural barriers, discrimination/exploitation

Benefits on a destination country

Filling labour shortages, more contribution of tax and skills, working age migrants may help aging population

Difficulties for a destination country

Greater demand for housing, pressure on public services, competition for jobs, discrimination

Benefits for a country of origin

Remittances, returning migrants bring skills

Difficulties for a country of origin

Brain Drain, loss of working age people, labour shortages,

Population Structure

Describes the characteristics of a population, especially age or sex layout

Population Pyramid

Males on left females on right, youngest age groups at bottom oldest at top

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A geographic framework that explains how a countries population growth changes as it moves from a pre industrial society to an industrial economy

High stationary DTM

High birth rate, high death rates, slow population growth

Early expanding DTM

High birth rate, quickly falling death rates, rapid population growth

Late expanding DTM

Birth rate falls, low death rates, slow population growth

Low stationary DTM

Low birth rates, low death rates, stable population growth

Declining DTM

Very low birth rates, death rates may exceed births, population shrinks

Youthful Population

High proportion of children in a population

Aging population

High rising proportion of elderly people in a population

Population Policy

Government action intended to influence population size, growth or structure

Anti-Natalist Population Policy

Intended to reduce births

Pro-Natalist Population Policy

Intended to encourage births

Population Density

Average number of people per square kilometre

Population Distribution

How people are spread across an area

Population Density Formula

Population Density = Total population divided by land area

Physical factors that affect population distribution

Comfortable climate, flat land, freshwater nearby, soil, natural resources, natural hazards

Human factors that affect Population Distribution

Employment, transport, industry, services, political stability,