Unit 2- The Renaissance through the French Revolution

The Renaissance, Spanish Inquisition, The Reformation, Age of Exploration, Scientific Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, and the French Revolution

30 Years War

from 1618-1648 was fought in central Europe because many Protestants rebelled against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II. In the end, the Holy Roman Empire broke into smaller pieces with their own national identities based on religion

95 Theses

In 1517, Luther wrote a list of some of the practices of the Catholic Church that he thought should be debated publicly. These arguments and propositions were called the NinetyFive Theses.

Luther’s ideas spread quickly due do the Gutenberg printing press that helped spread his ideas quickly and cheaply across Europe.

Auto da Fe

Meaning “act of faith” in Portuguese

Sentencing of confessed heretics was done in a public event called the Auto-da-Fe

Heretics who refused to confess were burned at the stake.

The first auto-da-fe was held in 1481, and the last in 1731,

Blood Libel

The Holy Child of La Guardia

Several Jews and conversos were accused of kidnapping a seven-year-old boy in the town of La Guardia and taking him to a cave, cutting out the child's heart, and using it in magical rites designed to overthrow Christian Spain and turn it into a Jewish country.

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor, aka the king of Germany, Charles V, declared Luther an outlaw.

Conversos

People who had converted from Judaism to Christianity due to fear of expulsion or persecution were referred to as conversos. Conversos faced consistent prejudice and suspicion.

Counter Reformation

In response to the Reformation, leaders of the Catholic Church began many reforms to stop the spread of Protestantism and spread Catholicism to the New World. This movement is known as the CounterReformation, or Catholic Reformation.

Society of Jesuits

sent missionaries

The Council of Trent it met 3 times to discuss Church reforms.

Edict of Expulsion

also known as the Alhambra Decree, was issued on March 31st, 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. The edict ordered the removal of practicing Jews from the Spanish empire by July 31, 1492.

The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converso population and ensure they did not revert to Judaism.

Elizabeth I

Her reign is often called the Golden Age or the Elizabethan Age because it was a time of great achievement in England.

Elizabeth established a moderately Protestant Church of England as the country's national church. At the same time, she long avoided war with Europe's leading Roman Catholic nations. Under her command, The English navy defeated a powerful Spanish Armada (fleet of ships).

Elizabeth, who refused to marry and have children, gained the loyalty and admiration of her subjects. She reminded them of her popular father, King Henry VIII.

she was an outstanding orator (Speech at Tilbury).

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition. The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Married in 1469, King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castille were married and thus unified Spain.

In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella banned any religion other than Roman Catholicism.

Galileo Galilei

was a philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who improved the telescope, supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory (the Earth orbits the sun), challenged traditional Church views. This led to him being charged with heresy by the Inquisition.

Henry VIII

King Henry VIII was initially deemed a Defender of the Catholic Faith by the Pope.

Henry VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, but first he had to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled, or canceled.

the Pope refused to grant Henry the annulment

Henry convinced Parliament to declare that England was independent of the Pope’s authority.

Act of Supremacy that stated that the king was the head of the new Church of England, aka the Anglican Church.

King Henry VIII granted himself the annulment.

Henry VIII used his new role as head of the Church of England to make the monarchy more powerful.

Heresy

The crime of heresy was defined as a deliberate denial of an article of truth of the Catholic faith.

Humanism

Before the Renaissance

 In the Middle Ages, studying Christianity was the main form of learning

The Rise of Humanism

 In the mid-1300s, scholars developed humanism.

 Humanists focused on life on Earth, not just the afterlife.

 They believed people could shape the world around them

Humansim, cont.

Inspired by ancient Greece & Rome; rediscovered classical texts and used logic & reason

 Studied politics, ethics, and science separately from religion

 Focused on improving life on Earth

 Encouraged free inquiry and new ideas

 Led to the Renaissance, a new age of learning

 Art focused on people and daily life, not just religion

 Science grew by studying nature and questioning old beliefs

 Humanists saw cities as centers for justice, courage, and compassion.

Indulgences

In the early 1500s, Church leaders began selling indulgences, meaning people gave money to the Church in exchange for having their sins forgiven.

Some Catholics felt that selling indulgences was like letting people pay their way into heaven.

Inquisition

A judicial system in which people were accused of heresy and faced harsh consequences.

• Once the Inquisition came to town, people had 30-days to confess voluntarily and receive light sentences like a small fine. However, a confessor had to agree to spy on his friends and relatives, and if he did not produce evidence, he would be under suspicion as a heretic and could receive the death penalty.

people fabricated false evidence against others either out of fear, jealousy, and hatred, or to receive a reward.

any accused person

thus had no way to refute the charges,

Isabella

Married in 1469, King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castille were married and thus unified Spain.

In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella banned any religion other than Roman Catholicism.

Italian Renaissance

Focus on Humanism

 Inspired by ancient Greece and Rome

 Artists used linear perspective

 Focus on balance, proportion, and ideal beauty

 Patrons like Medici family

Johannes Gutenberg

In the 1440s, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press.

• Printing made books faster and cheaper to produce. More books became available to the public, spreading humanist ideas.

•Many more people became literate and educated.

• By the 1500s, Renaissance art and ideas influenced many parts of European life.

• Increased contact between nations and faster sharing of information fueled cultural change across Europe.

Leonardo Da Vinci

 The ultimate “Renaissance Man,” DaVinci was an artist, astronomer, biologist, botanist, architect, engineer, inventor, and mathematician.

 Only 17 of his paintings remain. His most famous paintings include The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

Machiavelli

the father of political science.

 His most famous work is The Prince, a book about politics and how to gain and keep power. The Prince set the standard for the modern concept of a government and how to enforce it.

the main qualities a prince, or leader, should possess. He also discussed the principles a leader should follow in order to retain power.

One of the key ideas in his book was “the end justifies the means.”

Martin Luther

Martin Luther, a German monk, disliked the corrupt practices of the Church, especially indulgences. Luther is known for starting the Protestant Reformation.

Luther argued that faith alone, not good works, was the way to heaven.

Mary I

was the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England

Michelangelo

One of the most influential artists of the Renaissance

Many of his works were done under the patronage of the Medici family and of the Catholic Church

the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican

the Pietà (at the Vatican) and the David (in Florence).

Northern Renaissance

Flanders (modern-day Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and northern France), Germany, England, France, and Spain

• More focused on everyday life and ordinary people

• Religious themes called for reforms to the Church

• Artists used extreme detail and developed oil painting

Patron

A patron is a person, family, or group that gives money or other support to artists and intellectuals.

 The Medici family of Florence was one of the most famous patrons in Italy. They controlled the largest bank in Europe and supported such well-known Renaissance artists as Michelangelo and Raphael. The Medici family ruled Florence from 1434 until 1737.

Petrarch

“father of Humanism,” was a poet and scholar whose philosophy set the stage for the Renaissance.

Petrarch rediscovered and helped translate an impressive collection of ancient texts (Homer, Cicero, Virgil, and Horace),

Petrarch believed that humanity could once more reach the heights of past accomplishments.

Reformation

the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity.

Renaissance

"Renaissance" is a French word meaning "rebirth".

The Renaissance was seen as a "rebirth" of the type of learning that happened in Ancient Greece and Rome.

Sir Thomas More

attempted to eliminate the abuses and inequalities that were accepted as normal in his society. In 1516, he wrote Utopia, which portrays an ideal society. This society has equality and justice for all citizens.

Tomas de Torquemada

was the first Inquisitor General of Spain. He pushed for the expulsion of Jews and is synonymous with torture and cruel methods associated with the Spanish Inquisition.

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare is one of the most prolific and famous authors of all time. All together, Shakespeare’s body of work consists of 38 plays, 2 narrative poems, 154 sonnets, and a variety of other poems.

Shakespeare’s theater is known as the Globe,

Shakespeare is also very well known as a poet. Shakespeare wrote in a form known as the sonnet. It contains 14 lines written in iambic pentameter.

Italian City States

ASK MRS. SILVER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Medici Family

was one of the most famous patrons in Italy. They controlled the largest bank in Europe and supported such well-known Renaissance artists as Michelangelo and Raphael. The Medici family ruled Florence from 1434 until 1737

Protestant

People who joined Luther in protesting against the Church became known as

Anglican Church

was more like the Catholic Church than the Lutheran Church. Henry VIII used his new role as head of the Church of England to make the monarchy more powerful. Henry VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, but first he had to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled, or canceled. the Pope refused to grant Henry the annulment. Henry convinced Parliament to declare that England was independent of the Pope’s authority. Act of Supremacy that stated that the king was the head of the new Church of England.

Goals of Exploration 1400s and 1500s

New trade routes

Find new sources of gold, silver, and other natural resource.

Spread Christianity to other cultures that lived in faraway lands

Claim lands on behalf of monarchy

Better navigational tools and a desire to find better trade routes to Asia led Europeans to set sail for new parts of the world

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

Master navigator whose four transatlantic voyages opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas.

Columbus made his transatlantic voyages under the sponsorship of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.

Hispaniola

Columbus and his crews explored the islands of the Caribbean, landing on the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola (the island that contains the modernday countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic).

Taino

Columbus and his crew also encountered the native peoples of these islands

Treaty of Tordesillas

a treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494.

• Spain claimed the exclusive right to explore and conquer almost all of the land in the Americas. Portugal claimed right to explore and conquer lands in Africa, Asia, and the land that would become Brazil.

Conquistadors

Invaders from the Spanish and Portuguese empires of empires in Latin America. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire around the Andes Mountains.

Weapons: Using sophisticated, strong weapons such as steel swords, crossbows, and guns

Horses: Fighting on horseback was a huge advantage over Native peoples who fought on foot.

Alliances: alliances with local tribes who resented the rule of larger empires in the region

Disease: European explorers carried over several diseases that Native Americans had never encountered before. Smallpox devastated the Native American populations that encountered it. Europeans gave Smallpox infested blankets to Native Americans as a “gift”.

“The Great Dying”

By 1600, more than 90% of indigenous Americans had perished from "wave after wave of disease", along with mass slavery and war.

Amerigo Vespucci

In 1497, Italian explorer, “discovered” Brazil. Assuming he'd found a new continent, Vespucci called his discovery the “New World”. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller officially named the continent "America" in honor of Vespucci.

Francis Bacon (1561–1626)

Became the foundation for modern science. used experiments to test these theories and draw conclusions. His process became known as the Scientific Method.

Sir Isaac Newton

In 1666, joined together earlier mathematical ideas and laid the foundation for a new branch of mathematics: calculus. He also made several discoveries in the field of optics, the branch of science that deals with the properties of light and vision. Perhaps best known for discovering the force of gravity. Three laws of motion. died in 1727, his theories are still considered some of the most important ideas in modern science

Rationalism

is the idea that people can use reason, or logical thought, to understand and improve the world. They believed that individuals and governments should make decisions based on clear reasoning rather than superstition or tradition.

Individualism

is the idea that individuals and their rights are important. Using rational arguments, some enlightenment thinkers argued that the people should have a larger role in government. Many advocated for more democratic systems.

Thomas Hobbes

In his most famous book, Leviathan, he wrote that people could only avoid war and violence by giving up their rights and submitting to a powerful ruler.

John Locke

He believed that people were not born good or evil, but that their characters were determined by their life experiences.

People were born free and that they naturally had certain rights, most importantly were life, liberty, and property.

The purpose of government was to protect natural rights.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

and John Locke wrote that people have certain rights, and their rulers not only had to protect people but also had to safeguard those rights. Under the social contract, if people’s rights were not protected, the rulers could be overthrown.

Social Contract

It exists between rulers and the people they rule. Each side of the contract has certain rights and responsibilities toward the other.

Natural Rights

People were born free and that they naturally had certain rights, most importantly were life, liberty, and property. The purpose of government was to protect natural rights. People have certain rights, and their rulers not only had to protect people but also had to safeguard those rights. Under the social contract, if people’s rights were not protected, the rulers could be overthrown.

The First Estate

Officials from the Catholic Church (No taxes) (0.5% of Population)

The Second Estate

Nobility (Inherited wealth) (No taxes) (1.5% of Population)

The Third Estate

the common people. The bourgeoisie were the most wealthy of the third estate and had to pay more taxes then other less wealthy people in the third estate (98% of the population) Heavy taxes kept the Third Estate from improving their position. The more money and land you had the more taxes you had to pay.

Divine Right

the belief that God directly grants him (the king) the French throne

Absolute Monarchy

meaning kings and queens have no limits on their power

Louis XVI

the top of France’s hierarchy, held court in the palace of Versailles. The Third Estate saw ________ as a weak and ineffective king. The Third Estate saw both rulers as out of touch with the needs of the common people (not good people person because he believes that G-d grants him the throne)

Marie Antoinette

the top of France’s hierarchy, held court in the palace of Versailles. The Third Estate viewed ___________ as selfish and foolish. The Third Estate saw both rulers as out of touch with the needs of the common people. (Liked to spend a lot of money and would not wear the same outfit again. Participated in France going bankrupt)

When was the actual start of the French Revolution?

Louis XVI ordered the Third Estate to be locked out of the Estates-General, the meeting of the Three Estates at the Palace of Versailles. He did this so that the third estate could not vote for everyone having taxes including the first and second estate. The Third Estate was pissed, so the upraised.

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate delegates moved into a nearby tennis court and promised to write a new constitution for France. This pledge was called the ________.

National Assembly

Third Estate delegates moved into a nearby tennis court. They called themselves the _____________ and promised to write a new constitution for France. This pledge was called the Tennis Court Oath.

Storming the Bastille

On July 14, 1789, a Paris mob attacked the Bastille. It was a huge, fortress-like prison. The mob saw it as a symbol of royal misuse of power. They wanted to get the weapons stored there. During the process the let out a the prisoners inside.

Reign of Terror

The First French Republic was born in an age of extreme violence known as the ___________. From 1793-1795, more than 17,000 people were executed by guillotine for believing to be enemies of the revolution, including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Guillotine

a machine designed to make beheadings quick

Maximillian Robespierre

the leader of the Reign of Terror. He was executed and so a new constitution was written.

Directory

The new constitution established an executive branch known as the __________, which was made up of five people and a bicameral legislature. The ______________ was not perfect. It began in October, 1795. The ________ government began making reforms for good like ending the debtor’s prison system and slavery in French colonies. It provided protection against the church or the monarchy taking power. It also designed a national education system.

Napoleon Bonaparte

In 1799, _________ overthrew the Directory government through a military takeover. On November 9, ___________ established a new government called the Consulate. He ended the Directory and named himself the First Consul giving him as much power as a king. By 1804, who named himself Emperor of France. _____________’s power as ruler of France was a return to absolute monarchy.

Napoleonic Codes

Napoleon’s greatest gift to France was the __________. This code made all of French civil laws better. Before the revolution, French laws were different from region to region. Napoleon worked with a group of French lawmakers to write a new system of laws. It was simple and the same for every place. It also protected the liberties for which the citizens had fought. It protected freedom of religion. The code said all men were equal. However, it limited the rights of women and the rights of children.

Waterloo

On March 20, 1815, Napoleon retook the French throne. He would hold it for 100 day. The British defeated Napoleon on June 18, 1815, at Waterloo. On June 22, 1815, Napoleon gave up his throne for the second time.