HOTA- Civil War Cause and Consequences (Ch. 1-5)

Secede

To leave or withdraw

Fire-Eaters

A group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the cessation of southern states.

Abolitionists

People who wanted to end slavery

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton

American Dream

The widespread belief that the United States is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success

Peculiar Institution

Another term for slavery, the owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty

Manumission

The freeing of enslaved people

German Coast Uprising

Largest armed slave revolt in U.S. history, occurred in the Territory of Orleans

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party, supported stronger federal government, a national bank, and high tariffs

Patronage

Granting favors to an organization or individual through financial aid, business, or political influence

States' Rights

Political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government

VA & KY Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, declared that states could invalidate federal laws that were unconstitutional

Hartford Convention

Federalists agreed to oppose the war and send delegates to meet with Congress

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Tariff Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Egalitarian

Promoting equal rights for all people

Hinton Helper

Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal The Liberator

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison; drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, caused conflict between supporters and non-supporters of slavery

Fredrick Douglass

Former slave who traveled the country speaking out against slavery, wrote newspaper called North Star

The North Star

Antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass

Senator James H Hammond

One of the south's most enthusiastic supporters of slavery

George Fitzhugh

American social theorist who justified slavery by saying that black people were just children and needed to be in slavery, thought it was helpful for them

Louisiana Purchase

Territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, Missouri-Slave State, Maine-Free State

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific

James K. Polk

11th president of the US, initiated the Mexican-America War, US grew by over one-third during his presidency

Mexican-American War

The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Calhoun Doctrine

Created to prevent congress from being able to place restrictions on slavery, people could take their property to any territory and slaves were considered property

Popular Sovereignty

A government in which the people rule by their own consent.

Stephen A Douglas

Introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

Daniel Webster

Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million, hoped to build transcontinental railroad in the south

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

Know Nothings/American Party

Nativists (anti-immigrant) and anti-Catholic group, members sworn into secrecy and told to say "I know nothing" when asked about the organization

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers

Bleeding Kansas

Violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery individuals that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory, Further strained relationship between the North and the South

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

In reaction to the sacking of Kansas by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek

Charles Sumner

Massachusetts senator who was an outspoken critic of pro-slavery leaders

Preston Brooks

Was a Congressman from South Carolina, assaulted senator Charles Summer on the floor of the United States senate

John C. Fremont

First candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery

Mormons/Polygamy

Members of a religious sect, founded in the 1820s by Joseph Smith, the practice of having more than one wife was commonly seen in this religion

Dred Scott Case

Said all slaves are property; not citizens. US couldn't prohibit slavery

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made

Panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production, North wanted higher tariffs

Lecompton Constitution

A pro-slavery constitution for Kansas that protected slaveholding an excluded free Black people from its bill of rights

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Series of seven political debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during their campaign for a U.S. Senate seat from Illinois

Freeport Doctrine

A principle by Stephen Douglas stating that despite the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision, a territory's residents could exclude slavery by refusing to enact it (popular sovereignty)

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

Attempt to star an armed slave revolt by seizing federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, raid failed and Brown was captured by U.S. Marines, increased tension between North and South

John Breckinridge

Southern Democratic presidential candidate in Electron of 1860, pro-slavery

Constitutional-Union Party

Political party during the 1860 elections, consisted of former Whigs mainly from the South who wanted to avoid secession

Confederacy (CSA)

The alliance of the 11 southern states that seceded from the United States, first to secede: South Carolina, last to secede: Tennessee

Fort Sumter

First battle of the Civil War, shots fired in Charleston, South Carolina

Planter Class

Wealthy whites primarily in the South that owned larger plantations with many slaves

Antebellum

Time period before the Civil War, dominance of the plantation system and slavery in the American South

Border States

Slave states the remained in the Union, strategically located between the North and the Confederacy