ANATOMIC & PHYSIOLOGIC RELATIONSHIPS

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Refers to all physical and chemical changes that occur in the body; this process is essential to digestion, growth, and repair of the body and to the conversion of food energy into forms useful to the body

Metabolism

The ability to maintain a steady and stable internal environment made up of these factors including proper quantity and quality of water, food, oxygen, heat and pressure

Homeostasis

Measurable indications of how the body is functioning (pulse, blood pressure, respiration)

Vital signs

A _________ relationship exists between vital signs and the homeostasis of the body because vital signs are the result of metabolic activities.

Close

Fever may be sign of infection or inflammation

Temperature

A coordinated group of tissues and organs that work together to perform specific functions.

Body system

The sonographer should be familiar with all the body systems:

•Integumentary • Skeletal •Muscular

• Respiratory •Nervous •Endocrine

• Digestive • Circulatory • Lymphatic

• Urinary  • Reproductive

Circulatory System: Functions of the Blood

Transportation of oxygen and nutrients

Defense against infection

Maintenance of pH 

Major functions of the gastrointestinal system include:

Ingestion and digestion of food 

Elimination of waste products

The Urinary System consists of:

Kidneys R and L

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by a broad muscle called the

Diaphragm

Forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

lies on the posterior abdominal wall behind the parietal peritoneum. It extends from the twelfth thoracic vertebra and the twelfth rib to the sacrum and the iliac crests

retroperitoneal space

Retroperitoneum subdivisions:

Anterior Pararenal Space

Posterior Pararenal Space

Perirenal Space

Lies posterior to the lower ribs

Liver

Liver: Majority of the right lobe is in the

right hypochondrium and epigastrium

Liver: Left lobe lies in

epigastrium and left hypochondrium

The fungus of this viscera usually lies opposite the tip of the right ninth costal cartilage

Gallbladder

Lies in the left hypochondrium under cover of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh ribs 

Lies in the posterior left hypochondriac region

Spleen

Which region does the pancreas lie

Epigastric region

Inferior Vena Cava is formed by

the confluence of the right and left common iliac veins

3 major structures that pass through the diaphragm from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity

Aorta

IVC 

Esophagus

Functions as an attachment point for the anterior abdominal wall muscles

Anterior Abdominal Wall

Linea Alba (White Line) 

Also known as “Six Pack”

Rectus abdominis

Retroperitoneal Structures “SAD PUCKER”

Serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal viscera

Peritoneum

the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

peritoneal cavity

This potential space (peritoneal cavity) may become distended into an actual space containing several liters of fluid. This accumulation of fluid is known as

ascites

A two-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to another visceral organs

Omentum

Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach

Hangs down similar to an apron in the space between the small intestine and the anterior abdominal wall

Folds back on itself and attaches to the inferior border of the transverse colon

Greater Omentum “fatty apron”

Slings the lesser curvature of the stomach to the undersurface of the liver

Lesser Omentum

Ligament that connects the stomach to the spleen

Gastroplenic Omentum

The peritoneal cavity may be divided into two parts

greater sac & lesser sac

the primary compartment of the peritoneal cavity and extends across the anterior abdomen and from the diaphragm to the pelvis

greater sac

an extensive peritoneal pouch located behind the lesser omentum and stomach

lesser sac

the right posterior subphrenic space that lies among the right lobe of the liver, the right kidney, and the right colic flexure - common location for fluid collections, such as ascites, blood, and infection

Morison’s pouch