AE 1.2 - Echo Protocol

0.0(0)

Studied by 0 people

Call Kai

Learn

Practice Test

Spaced Repetition

Match

Flashcards

Knowt Play

Card Sorting

1/22

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Last updated 11:13 PM on 10/15/26

Name	Mastery	Learn	Test	Matching	Spaced	Call with Kai	Chat

No analytics yet

Send a link to your students to track their progress

23 Terms

New cards

PLAX

parasternal long axis

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- index marker to the patient’s right shoulder

can see:

- RV, IVS, LV, LVOT, AV, LA

- start high

- have the patient exhale

- move down a rib space

Tips

- LV should be perpendicular to the beam

- should NOT see apex - if you do you are too lateral or too low

<p><span>parasternal long axis</span></p><p><span>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</span></p><p><span>- <u>index marker</u> to the patient’s right shoulder</span></p><p></p><p><span>can see:</span></p><p><span>- RV, IVS, LV, LVOT, AV, LA</span></p><p></p><p><span>- start high</span></p><p><span>- have the patient exhale</span></p><p><span>- move down a rib space</span></p><p></p><p><span>Tips</span></p><p><span>- LV should be perpendicular to the beam</span></p><p><span>- should NOT see apex - if you do you are too lateral or too low</span></p>

New cards

PLAX - Ascending Aorta

- left sternal border, @ 2nd intercostal space

- index marker to the patient’s right shoulder

can see:

- ascending aorta (runs NE to SW)

- right pulmonary artery (circle below)

Tips

- aorta should be open

- should try to see short axis of right PA

<p><br>- left sternal border, @ 2nd intercostal space</p><p></p><p>- <u>index marker</u> to the patient’s right shoulder</p><p></p><p>can see:</p><p>- ascending aorta (runs NE to SW)</p><p>- right pulmonary artery (circle below)</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- aorta should be open</p><p>- should try to see short axis of right PA</p>

New cards

PLAX - RVOT

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- index marker to the patient’s right shoulder

- tilt transducer anteriorly towards the patient’s left shoulder

can see:

- RVOT, PV, PA

Tips

- may need to move up a rib space

- may need a slight clockwise rotation

<p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p></p><p>- <u>index marker</u> to the patient’s right shoulder</p><p></p><p>- <u>tilt</u> transducer anteriorly towards the patient’s left shoulder</p><p></p><p>can see:</p><p>- RVOT, PV, PA</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- may need to move up a rib space</p><p>- may need a slight clockwise rotation</p>

New cards

PLAX - RVIT

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- index marker to the patient’s right shoulder

- tilt transducer inferiorly towards the patient’s right hip

can see:

- RV, TV, RA

Tips

- may need a slight rotation counterclockwise

- may need to move down a rib space to make image more vertical

- should not see the LV (tilt more if you do)

<p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p></p><p>- <u>index marker</u> to the patient’s right shoulder</p><p></p><p>- <u>tilt</u> transducer inferiorly towards the patient’s right hip</p><p></p><p>can see:</p><p>- RV, TV, RA</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- may need a slight rotation counterclockwise</p><p>- may need to move down a rib space to make image more vertical</p><p>- should not see the LV (tilt more if you do)</p>

New cards

PSAX (AV level)

parasternal short axis

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view

- RA, LA, PA, PV, AV, TV

- tilt transducer inferiorly

Tips

- should see all 3 AV cusps

- should see all 3 valves

-- TV, AV, PV

<p>parasternal short axis</p><p></p><p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p>- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view</p><p></p><p>- RA, LA, PA, PV, AV, TV</p><p></p><p>- tilt transducer inferiorly</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- should see <strong>all 3</strong> AV cusps</p><p>- should see <strong>all 3</strong> valves</p><p>-- TV, AV, PV</p>

New cards

PSAX (zoomed AV)

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view

- tilt transducer inferiorly

- should see all 3 AV cusps

-- RCC (top), LCC (right), NCC (left)

Tips

- sometimes can see:

-- left main coronary artery origin at around 3-5:00

-- right coronary artery origin around 11:00

<p><br>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p>- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view</p><p></p><p>- tilt transducer inferiorly</p><p></p><p>- should see all 3 AV cusps</p><p>-- RCC (top), LCC (right), NCC (left)</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- sometimes can see:</p><p>-- left main coronary artery origin at around 3-5:00</p><p>-- right coronary artery origin around 11:00</p>

New cards

PSAX (PV view of AV)

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view

- tilt transducer superiorly

- RA, RVOT, PV, PA, LPA, RPA, Aorta

Tips

- rock to center right side, and bring in PA (RVOT)

- may need to move up a rib space

- look for “legs” or bifurcation of PA

<p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p>- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view</p><p></p><p>- tilt transducer superiorly</p><p></p><p>- RA, RVOT, PV, PA, LPA, RPA, Aorta</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- rock to center right side, and bring in PA (RVOT)</p><p>- may need to move up a rib space</p><p>- look for “legs” or bifurcation of PA</p>

New cards

PSAX (TV view of AV)

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view

- tilt transducer inferiorly

- RV, TV, RA

Tips

- rock to other side (RVIT)

- move sector to focus on tricuspid valve

<p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p>- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view</p><p></p><p>- tilt transducer inferiorly</p><p></p><p>- RV, TV, RA</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- rock to other side (RVIT)</p><p>- move sector to focus on tricuspid valve</p>

New cards

PSAX (MV level)

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view

- continue to tilt transducer inferiorly

- tilt down or slide down

- RV, IVS, LV, AMVL, PMVL

Tips

- need to see both leaflets

-- AMVL (top)

-- PMVL (bottom)

- LV should be circular, not oblong shape

-- if not a circle, need to slightly rotate counter or clockwise or move up a rib space

<p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p>- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view</p><p></p><p>- continue to tilt transducer inferiorly</p><p>- tilt down or slide down</p><p></p><p>- RV, IVS, LV, AMVL, PMVL</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- need to see both leaflets</p><p>-- AMVL (top)</p><p>-- PMVL (bottom)</p><p></p><p>- LV should be circular, not oblong shape</p><p>-- if not a circle, need to slightly rotate counter or clockwise or move up a rib space</p>

New cards

PSAX (papillary muscles)

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view

- continue to tilt transducer inferiorly

- RV, LV, ALPap, PMPap

Tips

- need to see both pap muscles

-- ALPap (anterolateral)

-- PMPap (posteriomedial)

- LV should be circular, not oblong shape

-- if not a circle, need to slightly rotate counter or clockwise or move up a rib space

<p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p>- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view</p><p></p><p>- continue to tilt transducer inferiorly</p><p></p><p>- RV, LV, ALPap, PMPap</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- need to see both pap muscles</p><p>-- ALPap (anterolateral)</p><p>-- PMPap (posteriomedial)</p><p></p><p>- LV should be circular, not oblong shape</p><p>-- if not a circle, need to slightly rotate counter or clockwise or move up a rib space</p>

New cards

PSAX (apex level)

- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space

- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view

- continue to tilt transducer inferiorly

- LV apex

Tips

- may need to slide down a rib space

- should not see papillary muscles in this view or it is not the apex!

<p>- left sternal border, @ 3rd intercostal space</p><p>- rotate marker 90° clockwise from PLAX view</p><p></p><p>- continue to tilt transducer inferiorly</p><p></p><p>- LV apex</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- may need to slide down a rib space</p><p>- should not see papillary muscles in this view or it is not the apex!</p>

New cards

A4C

apical 4 chamber

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space (PMI)

- index marker down towards the bed

- IVS, LV, RV, MV, TV, LA, RA, IAS

Tips

- use patient positioning and breathing to optimize

- start low and move up a rib space as needed

- if the ventricle is foreshortened, the apex will appear more rounded

- typically long axis of heart should be 2/3rd LV, 1/3rd RV

<p>apical 4 chamber</p><p></p><p>- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space (PMI)</p><p>- index marker down towards the bed</p><p></p><p>- IVS, LV, RV, MV, TV, LA, RA, IAS</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- use patient positioning and breathing to optimize</p><p>- start low and move up a rib space as needed</p><p>- if the ventricle is foreshortened, the apex will appear more rounded</p><p>- typically long axis of heart should be 2/3rd LV, 1/3rd RV</p>

New cards

A4C (zoomed LV & LA)

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space

- index marker down towards the bed

- zoom to LV & LA separately

- LV, MV

- LA, RA, TV, Pulmonary veins

New cards

A4C (RV focused)

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space

- index marker down towards the bed

- slide laterally

- transducer is then rotated slightly counterclockwise

- angle the transducer medially

- LV, LA, RV, TV, RA

Tips

- view all of RV free including the apex

- center RV

- view for right-sided measurements

<p><span>- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space</span></p><p><span>- index marker down towards the bed</span></p><p></p><p><span>- slide laterally</span></p><p><span>- transducer is then rotated slightly counterclockwise</span></p><p><span>- angle the transducer medially</span></p><p></p><p><span>- LV, LA, RV, TV, RA</span></p><p></p><p><span><strong>Tips</strong></span></p><p><span>- view all of RV free including the apex</span></p><p><span>- center RV</span></p><p><span>- view for right-sided measurements</span></p>

New cards

A5C

apical 5 chamber

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space

- index marker down towards the bed

- tilt anteriorly until the LVOT, AV, and prox Asc Ao come into view

- IVS, LV, RV, LVOT, LA, Aorta

Tips

- may need to move up a rib space to open aorta

- must see proximal aorta

<p>apical 5 chamber</p><p></p><p>- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space</p><p>- index marker down towards the bed</p><p></p><p>- tilt anteriorly until the LVOT, AV, and prox Asc Ao come into view</p><p></p><p>- IVS, LV, RV, LVOT, LA, Aorta</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- may need to move up a rib space to open aorta</p><p>- must see proximal aorta</p>

New cards

A2C

apical 2 chamber

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space

- rotate transducer 60° counterclockwise (toward left shoulder) from A4C

- LV, MV, LA, LAA, anterior wall, inferior wall

Tips

- may need to slide to look for view

- should not include RV

<p>apical 2 chamber</p><p></p><p>- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space</p><p>- rotate transducer 60° <u>counterclockwise</u> (toward left shoulder) from A4C</p><p></p><p>- LV, MV, LA, LAA, anterior wall, inferior wall</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- may need to slide to look for view</p><p>- should not include RV</p>

New cards

A2C (zoomed LV & LA)

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space

- rotate transducer 60° counterclockwise

- zoom LV

- zoom LA

- LV, LA

<p><span>- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space</span></p><p></p><p><span>- rotate transducer 60° counterclockwise</span></p><p></p><p><span>- zoom LV</span></p><p><span>- zoom LA</span></p><p></p><p><span>- LV, LA</span></p>

New cards

A3C

apical 3 chamber

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space

- rotate transducer another 60° counterclockwise (toward right shoulder) from the A2C view

- LV, MV, LA, LVOT, AV, Ao

- anteroseptal wall (IVS), inferolateral wall

<p>apical 3 chamber</p><p></p><p>- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space</p><p></p><p>- rotate transducer another 60° <u>counterclockwise</u> (toward right shoulder) from the A2C view</p><p></p><p>- LV, MV, LA, LVOT, AV, Ao</p><p>- anteroseptal wall (IVS), inferolateral wall</p>

New cards

A3C (zoomed LV)

- mid-axillary line, start @ 5th intercostal space

- rotate transducer another 60° counterclockwise from the A2C view

- LV

New cards

Subcostal 4 chamber

- patient supine

- index marker pointed to the patient’s left, at about a 3:00 position

- transducer pointed towards patient’s left shoulder

- RV, TV, RA, IAS, IVS, LA, MV, LV

Tips

- have patient bend his/her knees to relax stomach

- have patient take breath in and hold if you can’t find image

- watch the RV, make sure it is open and not collapsed

<p>- patient supine</p><p>- index marker pointed to the patient’s left, at about a 3:00 position</p><p></p><p>- transducer pointed towards patient’s left shoulder</p><p></p><p>- RV, TV, RA, IAS, IVS, LA, MV, LV</p><p></p><p><strong>Tips</strong></p><p>- have patient bend his/her knees to relax stomach</p><p>- have patient take breath in and hold if you can’t find image</p><p>- watch the RV, make sure it is open and not collapsed</p>

New cards

Subcostal (long axis IVC)

- Patient supine

- index marker pointed to the patient’s left, at about a 3:00 position

- counterclockwise rotation of the transducer approximately 90°

- angle towards the liver

- liver, IVC, RA

<p>- Patient supine</p><p>- index marker pointed to the patient’s left, at about a 3:00 position</p><p></p><p>- counterclockwise rotation of the transducer approximately 90°</p><p>- angle towards the liver</p><p></p><p>- liver, IVC, RA</p>

New cards

Subcostal (hepatic veins)

- patient supine

- index marker pointed to the patient’s left, at about a 3:00 position

- counterclockwise rotation of the transducer approximately 90°

- angle towards the liver

- Hvn, IVC

Tips

- try tilting anteriorly to get hepatic veins

New cards

Suprasternal notch

- patient lying supine

- the patient’s neck should be relaxed with a slight upward tilt of the chin

- remove the pillow from behind the patient’s head (can always place the pillow under the shoulders)

- transducer marker ~1:00

- slight inferior angle towards the left hip

<p>- patient lying supine</p><p>- the patient’s neck should be relaxed with a slight upward tilt of the chin</p><p>- remove the pillow from behind the patient’s head (can always place the pillow under the shoulders)</p><p></p><p>- transducer marker ~1:00</p><p></p><p>- slight inferior angle towards the left hip</p>