APUSH UNIT 3 TEST: 1810s-1850s
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102 Terms
Key People James K. Polk
Pro-slavery, pro-expansionist, first “Dark Horse” President elect (1845-1849) “Young Hickory” with four ideas that he was elected for and completed during his presidency:
Take southwest from Mexico
Reduce tariffs
Make the English sell the Oregon territory
Build an independent treasury
Key People Samuel Slater
The “Father of the Factory System”; stole British factory designs and replicated them in the United States
Key People Francis Cabot Lowell
Wanted a utopian society, people didn’t want a utopian society, so Lowell eventually became economic class segregated factory town
Key People John Tyler
Vice President who became president after William Henry Harrison died
Key People John Slidell
Envoy dispatched to Mexico; wanted to negotiate the purchase of the disputed areas along the Texas-Mexican border, and the territory comprising the present-day states of New Mexico and California.
Key People zackary taylor
General ordered by Polk to march to Rio Grande
Key People henry clay
Speaker of the House of Representatives, presidential candidate in 1824; hates Andrew Jackson
Key People JQA
Former Secretary of State, very good one; President of the United States, bad one; brings Democrats into his office, and they take over his presidency
election of 1824-1829
Key People sam houston
Commander-in-chief of the Texas army
Key Peoplesanta anna
Mexican president during Lone Star Rebellion
Key Peoplecharles finney
Preacher, emphasis on moral reform of society
Key People john marshall
Supreme Court chief justice, Hamiltonian, proliferated pro-business laws in early 1800s
Key Peoplewinfield scott
Marched on to Mexico City and won against Mexico
Key People - Social Reformers - Abolitionists
Theodore Dwight Weld
David Walker
Sarah Grimke
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Sojourner Truth
David Ruggles
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Supported Nat Turner’s rebellion
Lucretia Mott
social refomers summary
Social reformers used government and law to make change
Used word of mouth (speeches, tours) and written word (books, pamphlets, newspapers) to spread their ideas
Secondarily: lobbying groups, societies, etc.
All northern people: Southern states did not see value in funding reform (more traditional)
Who they were
Protestantism, Quaker, religious influence
Middle class
Many women
Vast majority of Amerians were not reformers
Some people would simply go to their tours to see violence
Many pro-slavery advocates, traditionalists
key groups : whigs
Opposition to the Democrats; hate Jackson’s presidency; origins from Senate and Henry Clay; liked Henry Clay’s American System; wanted internal improvements: railroads, canals, public schools, etc.; claimed to defend common man; absorbed Anti-Masons
key groups: democratic republicans
Andrew Jackson’s supporters; thought Adams was a corrupt aristocrat; criticized Adams’ large federal salary
key groups: abolitionists
Anti-slavery advocates
key groups: poor whites
Poor, uneducated whites
key groups: slaves
enslaved people in the south
key groups: natives (As in factory women)
Original, American factory girls who started to unionize and demand better pay
key groups: irish immigrants
Took jobs of many American women because they worked for less; most hated group because they stole Americans’ jobs; benefits of Irish immigrants: could speak English, and they would take any money to survive; largest group from 1820-1860
key groups: german immigrants
Liked immigrants, had skills and money, moved West because they had money and worked on farms, left due to political instability
key groups: workingman’s Party (1829)
Started by Robert Dale Owen; represented the interests of the working class
key groups: know-nothing party
Radical, hyper-patriotic men’s club, hate group,
key groups: liberty party
new york party, anti slavery
key groups: conscience whigs
Hated the Mexican-American war, anti-slavery
key groups: free soil party
Disliked slavery because they believed that Americans should own farms, not slaves; anti slavery
key terms: market revolution (1816-1850)
Rapid economic expansion characterized by railroad, factories, and industry
key terms: causes of textile industry in New England
Three main causes which made North more industrialized:
Has fast moving water to power mills; New England has lots of waterfalls
Has workers, mainly young women, who stop working on small farms and start working in mills
Has capital (money) from trading to build mills
key terms: sources of income in new england
$ Small scale farming
(2) more money: Fishing and whaling → after some time, no whales were left, whaling moved to west coast
(2) more money: Shipbuilding
$$$ Shipping and trade
key terms: northeast vs west in market revolutions
northeast:
Beginnings of capitalism in American with its industry
Ships industrial goods to Europe
Shippers smuggled slaves
west:
Big farms after failing industry
Breadbasket: has all the food, wants to ship it
Corn, wheat, barley, oats, fruit, vegetable
Most people came from Northeast
similarities between northeast and west
Both want to ship and transport their goods to Europe
They agree on a lot of things like the Mexican-American war
Are known as the “North”
key terms: the south in the market revolution
A slavocracy; feudal; “King Cotton,” the biggest crop in America, shipped to Europe during industrial revolution, shipped to North for textiles; no industry or factories b/c slaves would revolt; no innovation or transport networks b/c slaves would do everything; no opportunity; solely dependent on cotton
key terms: mexican-american war summary
U.S. is to blame, many people were against it
key terms: texas issue
Mexico did not recognize Lone Star Rebellion (Texas’ independence), Polk wanted it; Mexico had border at Nueces River, but U.S. had it at Rio Grande (current Texas southern border)
key terms: texas immigration requirements
Immigrants (1) must not bring any slaves into Texas, (2) must be Catholic, and (3) must speak spanish
key terms: manifest destiny
God’s will for U.S. to expand west
key terms: gadsden purchase
1854 land treaty for transcontinental railroad, southwest U.S.
key terms: john gast’s american progress
Reveals the Manifest Destiny: railroads, people on horse carriages, native Americans running away, dark vs. light clouds, buffalo vs. industry, agricultural land
key terms: american system
By Henry Clay: (1) transport networks, (2) high protective tariffs, (3) banks
key terms: the transport revolution
Creation of roads, canals, and railroads in the United States
key terms: cumberland road (1811)
First national road, trading posts along it became major cities
key terms: lancaster turnpike (1790)
First turnpike, have to pay to use it, Pennsylvania
key terms: conestoga covered wagons
Horses and/or oxen pulling a covered wagon; very versatile: can travel over rough terrain, served as physical protection day and night
key terms: erie canal system
Allowed products to be shipped through New York from Great Lakes and north to Europe, America, and elsewhere; made New York extremely wealthy; Boston takes a hit b/c not many canals go to it; much cheaper than wagons
key terms: steamboats
Used a steam engine to move; first one built by Robert Fulton; revolutionized water transportation speeds
key terms: clipper ships
American small, fast boats that gave America an economic advantage; much better than large European ships
key terms: the “iron horse” (1830)
First train; went faster than a horse
key terms: railroad in the US
Exponential growth; initially built by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co.; biggest business in the United States; main method of transport; Boston, Philadelphia, and New York were major cities; built by Irish immigrants in the North, by slaves in the South (low quality b/c they weren’t paid)
key terms: yankee ingenuity
Americans copied Britain’s practical innovations and tweaked them a little
key terms: cotton gin (1793)
Built by Eli Whitney; de-seeded cotton; made cotton very profitable; restarted slavery
key terms: interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney’s interchangeable rifle was made with manufactured, identical parts (not made by an artisan) which was revolutionary
key terms: steel plow (1837)
A better alternative to iron plow: no dents, rust, lightweight; built by John Deere
key terms: mechanical reaper
Automatically picks corn up from ground, efficient, built by Cyrus McCormick
key terms: morse code/telegraph (1840)
Made by Samuel Morse
key terms: transatlantic cable (1858)
Connected Europe and the Americas with a cable for Morse code; by Cyrus Field
key terms: sewing machine
Shrank the amount of time to make textiles greatly; frees up time for women and erodes Republican Motherhood away; built by Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
key terms: general incorporation law (1848)
Passed in New York; separated liabilities between people and businesses; protected people’s assets should a business fail
key terms: laissez faire
Belief of letting the market do its thing; survival of the fittest corporation; hands off approach; however, U.S. gov’t believes that “some businesses are too big to fail” - was still involved in the market
key terms: factory system
Women
Typically worked on textile machines because they already knew how to sew
They wore thin clothes and short, bunned hair to protect themselves from machines
Most were young women from small farms
Lived in college dorm-like facilities nearby factories
Enjoyed themselves outside of work
Men were typically managers in factories, signified by having a tie
Children could help unjam machines with their small hands
key terms: lowell mills bell system
Signified different times of the day
key terms: unions
Groups of workers demanding better pay because women would get fired if they asked for a raise or anything solo
key terms: commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
Allowed labor unions to exist in Massachusetts
key terms: american slavery
Very profitable, slaves built America, selling slaves to a cotton plantation was a death sentence; unique aspects: increased population over time, people are born slaves
key terms: slave life
No healthcare, fed the bare minimum to survive, seen as investments, dehumanized, violence, costly (males - $800, females - $600, children - free); women raped; lighter skin = more civilized, domestic work; darker skin = animalistic, field work; slaves with skills could earn money (typically urban slaves)
key terms: social pyramid of the south
50+ slaves (~7900) → senators, congress, political power
10-49 slaves (~84000) → small plantation owners, farmers
1-9 slaves (~255000) → small business, most vulnerable because slaves were skilled
0 slaves (~5500000) → poor whites, no money, no education
→ Blacks could own slaves themselves to ascend this rank
Free Blacks (~240000)
Enslaved people (~4000000)
key terms: slave catchers
Caught slaves with force, beginnings of police, keeping Blacks under white power
key terms: happy slave myth
Southern whites belief that slavery was actually liked by the slaves; shut up fear of slaves killing their masters during the night
key terms: underground railroad
Network of houses and safehouses for slaves to escape; undermined Happy Slave Myth
key terms: methods of slave rebellion
Work slowly, break a tool, don’t show up
key terms: gabriel prosser plot (1800)
South Carolina, ended before it began because there was a mole that gave them up
key terms: denmark vesey plot (1822)
Organized plot to kill whites; tipped off the night before like the Gabriel Prosser plot
key terms: nat turners rebellion (1831)
Richmond, VA; successful slave rebellion, no whites included, 50 whites killed in their beds, God motivated Nat Turner; reinforced slave owners’ beliefs that slave would kill them in the night, tighter laws, worries about sympathetic whites in the South, book bannings
key terms: hudson bay’s company
Traded with natives for profit on west coast
key terms: oregon country
Wilderness on the west Coast
key terms: fifty-four forty or fight
Northern boundary of Oregon Territory, used by supporters of James K. Polk for expansionism
key terms: dark horse
A president who comes out of nowhere
key terms: walker tariff
Lowered tariffs; supported by South; disliked by North, thought it would ruin manufacturing
key terms: spot resolutions
Abraham Lincoln’s request for exact details on spot of bloodshed
key terms: california bear flag republic
Unrecognized breakaway state from Mexico
key terms: wilmot proviso
No slavery in new land from Mexico, but this never became law
key terms: treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
Signed by General Nicholas P. Trist, end of Mexican-American war: American gets Texas, Oregon Country, and California; America paid $15 million
key terms: second great awakening (1790s-1830s)
Shifting from revolutionary ideals and government back to religious roots. Emphasis on individualism: personal relationship with God, no need for a religious education.
key terms: cult of domesticity
Belief that women are pious, pure, submissive, domestic, and ideal in these ways
key terms: republican motherhood
Belief that women raise children the best
key terms: role of women
Some started working, especially in textile mills like the Lowell mills
Ran the entire household, the foundation of American life
Religious, moral, artful, have children, and are more emotionally connected
Teach the children
Books, especially the Bible and Shakespeare, for teaching right vs. wrong and how to read and write
Men go to higher education and lead the country; leaders without morals is bad; women are responsible for passing on these good morals to the next generation
Modern day may lack morality
Republicanism: teaching virtues
key terms: sectionalism
Split between New England/South/West; people stick to their ideas from their home region
key terms: arguments for the mexican-american war
mexico (against US):
Texas was still Mexico’s
Polk sent troops into Mexico and shed blood
Manifest Destiny and expansionist agenda
American (against Mexico):
U.S. sought peaceful negotiations with Slidell, Mexico rejected
Texas was independent and America’s
Mexico escalated tensions by attacking troops on American soil
high level context:
Most Americans are…
…Protestant; attending church is popular for Americans (1850)
…still farmers; large middle class
…practical while Europe is more experimental
Most people are still normal people with traditional beliefs; most are not “reformer”
Northerns are pro-slavery until the 1840s and 1850s when Frederick Douglass and others change their minds on slavery
America is a frontier society; rapid expansion fueled by Second Great Awakening
Wealth distribution is widening; poor are poorer and rich are richer → common man is going away → Andrew Jackson’s campaign
key events: 1841
William Henry Harrison dies, VP John Tyler takes presidency
key events: 1844
Election of 1844
Candidates
Martin Van Buren
James Buchanan
Louis Cass
James K. Polk
key events: 1846
Mexican American War
Small war, huge benefits
+33% land to the U.S.
No defeats in the entire war
Ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
key terms: 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
handout summaries: employers advertise for help wanted in the 1820s
Lots of work in textile mills
Women and young girls = spinning frames
Men = repairing and creating machinery
12-13 hour work days
handout summaries: mary paul
A Lowell mill girl
Mill conditions: dangerous, deaths, unsanitary, low wages, long hours, but easy to find work
handout summaries: let your motto be resistance
Author: Henry Highland Garnet
Black abolitionist
Supported Black emigration to Africa
U.S. ambassador to Liberia
Message
Violent rebellion
Die free > living enslaved
Effects
Controversial
Verbally attacked by abolitionists because he encouraged violence instead of peaceful protest
handout summaries: gracisous heaven when I think what I have escaped
Denmark Vesey rebellion
handout summareis: the conspiracy had spread wider and wider
Asks Quakers and Philadelphians to stop abolitionism, protect Happy Slave Myth
handout summaries: a slave insurrection
Nat Turner’s account of his rebellion
handout summaries: who is to blame?
William Lloyd Garrison
Slave owners and American patriotism
Immediate emancipation
John Hampden Pleasants
The slaves, they broke the law
Gov. John Floyd of Virginia
The slaves
Introduces new laws that restrict slaves even more in response to Nat Turner’s rebellion