Honors Bio Unit 1. Chris Skinner Andrean HS
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74 Terms
Hydroxyl
an Oxygen bonded to a hydrocarbon chain which also is bonded to a Hydrogengroup, making an -OH functional group.
Carbonyl
a functional group featuring a oxygen atom bonded to a carbon atom
Carboxyl
a mix of a hydroxyl and carbonyl where an oxygen is double bonded to a carbon and another oxygen is single bonded. ( this type of functional group can only be found on hydrocarbon ends) (also, any hydrocarbon with this group is referred to as an acid.
Amino
a Nitrogen single bonded to a carbon with 2 hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen.
Phosphate
an oxygen bonded to a carbon. then a phosphate bonded to that with 2 more single oxygen bonds (3 total) and a double oxygen bond
what are monomers?
the “building blocks” of polymers
what are polymers
large molecules consisting of many identical or similar monomers
what are the macromolecules in a cell
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
are monomers useful?
sometimes monomers are useful, sometimes not.
what reaction joins monomers?
dehydration reactions
what reaction “digests” monomers?
hydrolysis
what do carbohydrates consist of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
what is a 3 carbon hydrocarbon called?
a triose or trioses
what is a 4 carbon hydrocarbon called?
a quadrose or quadroses
what is a 5 carbon hydrocarbon called?
a Pentose or pentoses
what is a 6 carbon hydrocarbon?
Hexose or Hexoses
what are Disacharides?
when two single “sugars” monosaccharides form Disaccharides “polymers”)
what is a polysaccharide?
a large polymer of monosaccharides (more than 2
what does starch do?
stores sugars in plants
what does glycogen do?
stores sugar in animals
where can you find cellulose
in plants such as plant walls.
what are lipids
compounds containing mostly hydrocarbons (ALL LIPIDS ARE HYDROPHOBIC)
what can "triglyceride” be broken down into (word wise)
3 fatty acids.
What are the Primary, secondary, and tertiary energy sources in humans?
Carbohydrates" “sugars”
“fats”
Muscle Protein
which has more energy carbohydrates OR Fats(triglycerides)?
Fats have more energy even though they are secondary
what are saturated fats?
Fats that are made of saturated triglycerides and are solid at room temp (ex. Butter, Lard, tallow)
what are unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated triglycerides that are liquid at room temp (ex. Oils)
what is another word for a stearate fatty acid?
saturated fat
what is another word for an oleate fat
a mono-unsaturated fat (has 1 double bond in it’s hydrocarbon C=C)
what is another word for linoleate fat
poly-saturated triglyceride ( 2 or more double bonds C=C=C)
what does the oxygen in fatty acids do?
give it reactivity to water
what is a phospholipid
a compound with 2 fatty acid hydrophobic “tails” and one hydrophilic phosphate
what are steroids?
A carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings (ex. Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen)
what does an amino acid look like?
an amino acid is: an amino groub, bonded to a C. and, a carboxyl also bonded to that c. the c is also bonded to a hydrogen and a R-group.
what is an R group in an amino acid
the R group in an amino acid is what determines the amino acid that it is. R groups are different for all amino acids.
do proteins give energy?
no proteins do not give energy
what does protein do in a cell
everything
what are the “monomers” that make up protein
amino acids
how many different amino acids are there?
20
what are the “polymers” of proteins
poly peptides
what causes many genetic disorders such as sickle cell disorder
polypeptides being formed wrong
why do proteins have such large compounds
because they are made of many polypeptides which are all polymers of compounds
is one singular polypeptide useful?
no they are usually useless on their own
what polarity and charge can an amino acid have?
an amino acid can be; negative, positive, polar, or non-polar
what is the biggest factor in a protein’s function
it’s structure
what is denaturation
when a polypeptides unravel they lose they shape, and their function.
what does the ribosome do?
Transfer rna in a cell move amino acids into, and the ribosome dehydrates the aminos creating the protein’s primary structure
what is the secondary structure of a polypeptide?
the poly peptide folds or twists
what is a tertiary structure of a polypeptide?
their overall 3d shape
what is the quatranery structure of a polypeptude
multiple polypeptides (protein)
what do nucleic acid polymers do?
serve as the blueprint for proteins
what is Deoxyribonucleic acid or Deoxyribose?
DNA (the “master blueprint” of proteins)
what is Ribonucleic acid or ribose?
RNA (the “traveling blueprint copies)
what are genes?
the stretches in your DNA that change things about you
what does DNA NEVER do?
leave the nucleus
what are monomers of DNA called?
nucleotides
what does DNA and RNA consist of?
a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
a phosphate group
and a nitrogenous base
what is a nitrogenous base?
a hydrocarbon where it alternates carbon and Nitrogen. C-N-C-N
are nucleotides useful?
nucleotides are USELESS as monomers
what are the 3 nitrogenous bases in both RNA and DNA
Adenine (A)
cytostine(C)
guanine(G)
what nitrogenous base does DNA have that rna doesnt
thymine (t)
what nitrogenous base does rna have that dna doesnt
uracil (u)
what are polymers of nucleotides called?
polynucleotide
how is DNA formatted?
2 polynucleotide (helixes) coiling around each other (double helix)
how is RNA formatted?
1 polynucleotide (single helix)