bio chapter 9 (chat version)

Bile & bile salts — Bile is made by the _____ and stored in the ___________; bile salts emulsify ____ to help _________ and absorption

liver gallbladder fats digestion

Bilirubin — Yellow ______ formed when __________ breaks down; excess bilirubin causes ________

pigment hemoglobin jaundice

Sphincter — Ring of ______ that opens and closes a ________

muscle passage

Chyme — Semi-liquid mixture of partially digested ____ and stomach ______

food juices

Peristalsis — Wave-like muscle __________ that move food through the _________ tract

contractions digestive

Exocrine & endocrine — Exocrine glands release substances through _____; endocrine glands release ________ into blood

ducts hormones

Common bile duct — Tube carrying ____ from liver and ___________ to the __________

bile gallbladder duodenum

Accessory bile duct — An additional bile ________ duct; anatomy varies among _______

drainage people

Ampulla of Vater — Junction where the ______ bile duct and main __________ duct empty into the __________

common pancreatic duodenum

Hepatic ducts — Ducts that carry ____ out of the ______

bile liver

Cystic duct — Connects the ___________ to the common _________ duct

gallbladder hepatic

Duodenum — _____ part of the small intestine; receives _____ bile and pancreatic _______

first chyme enzymes

Jejunum — ______ part of small intestine; absorbs many ________

middle nutrients

Ileum — _____ part of small intestine; absorbs vitamin ___ and bile _____

last B12 salts

Plicae & villi — Folds and finger-like ___________ in the small intestine that increase ________ area for __________

projections surface absorption

Ascending colon — Right-sided portion of the large intestine that moves contents ________

upward

Transverse colon — Part of the large intestine ________ the upper abdomen

crossing

Descending colon — Left-sided portion of large intestine that moves contents ________

downward

Sigmoid colon — S-shaped section of large intestine leading to ________

rectum

Biopsy — Removal of a small ______ sample for __________

tissue examination

Culture (laboratory test) — Growing ______________ from a specimen to identify an _________

microorganisms infection

Cold sore / fever blister — Usually a painful ________ around the lips caused by herpes simplex ______ commonly HSV-1

blister virus

Canker sore — Small painful ______ inside the mouth; not caused by ______ virus

ulcer herpes

Herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1) — Virus commonly responsible for ______ cold sores

oral

Thrush — ______ infection caused by Candida often producing white ______ in the mouth

fungal patches

Dysphagia — Difficulty __________

swallowing

Esophageal varices — Enlarged _____ in the esophagus often due to portal __________; can bleed severely

veins hypertension

Portal hypertension — Increased ________ in the portal vein system commonly due to _________

pressure cirrhosis

Esophagitis — Inflammation of the __________

esophagus

GERD — Gastroesophageal reflux disease: repeated ________ of stomach acid into the __________

backflow esophagus

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) — ______ between esophagus and stomach that helps prevent acid ______

muscle reflux

Hiatal hernia — Part of the ________ pushes upward through the _________ opening

stomach diaphragm

Gastritis — Inflammation of the stomach _______

lining

Peptic ulcers: gastric & duodenal — Open _____ in the stomach (gastric) or first small-intestine section (duodenal)

sores

Helicobacter pylori — __________ that can cause gastritis and peptic ulcers

bacterium

Perforation — A ____ through an organ wall; can allow intestinal ________ into the abdomen

hole contents

Peritonitis — Inflammation of the abdominal ________ (peritoneum) sometimes caused by __________; a medical emergency

lining perforation

Gastroenteritis — Inflammation of stomach and __________ often causing vomiting and ________

intestines diarrhea

Antispasmodics — Medicines that relax smooth muscle _______ and may relieve abdominal ________

spasms cramping

Food poisoning — Illness from __________ food or drink often a form of _____________

contaminated gastroenteritis

Salmonella — _________ that can cause diarrhea fever and abdominal _______

bacteria cramps

E. coli — Group of ________; some strains cause severe ________ and foodborne illness

bacteria diarrhea

Norovirus — Highly contagious _____ causing vomiting and ________

virus diarrhea

Campylobacter — _________ causing diarrhea cramps and sometimes _____

bacteria fever

Shigella — Bacteria that invade _____ lining and can cause bloody diarrhea (bacillary __________)

colon dysentery

Achlorhydria — Absence of __________ acid in stomach secretions

hydrochloric

Appendicitis — Inflammation of ________ often causing pain in the right lower _________

appendix abdomen

Gangrene — Death of body ______ due to poor blood ______ or severe infection

tissue supply

Malabsorption syndrome — Poor __________ of nutrients in the small intestine; may cause weight loss and greasy _______

absorption stools

Celiac disease — Immune reaction to ______ that damages the small __________

gluten intestine

Gluten — Protein found in _____ barley and ____

wheat rye

Diverticula & diverticulitis — Diverticula are small ______ in the colon wall; diverticulitis means __________ of those pouches

pouches inflammation

Crohn’s disease — Chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect ___ part of digestive tract

any

Ileostomy — Surgical opening connecting ______ to the abdominal surface for _____ drainage. Bypasses _____ entirely

ileum stool colon

Ulcerative colitis (chronic) — Inflammatory bowel disease causing continuous __________ and ulcers in colon and ________

inflammation rectum

Colostomy — Surgical opening connecting part of ______ to the abdominal surface. Bypasses ____ of the colon.

colon some

Intestinal obstruction: paralytic — Functional ________ due to absent or reduced __________ (paralytic ileus)

blockage peristalsis

Intestinal obstruction: volvulus — Intestine ______ around itself potentially blocking contents and blood _____

twists flow

Intestinal obstruction: adhesions — Scar-tissue _____ can pull or trap bowel loops and cause ________

bands blockage

Intestinal obstruction: intussusception — One segment of intestine slides into ______ like a __________

another telescope

Hemorrhoids — Swollen _____ or vascular cushions in or around the anus and lower _______

veins rectum

Prolapse — An organ or tissue _____ out of its usual position; a hemorrhoid may ________ outside anus

slips protrude

Colonoscopy — Procedure using a flexible ______ to examine the colon and ________

camera rectum

Spastic colon (IBS) — Irritable bowel syndrome: recurrent abdominal ____ with altered bowel habits without visible tissue ______

pain damage

Dysentery — Intestinal infection/inflammation causing diarrhea with _____ and sometimes ______

blood mucus

Melena — Black tarry _____ usually due to digested _____ from upper gastrointestinal bleeding

stool blood

Occult blood — Blood in stool that is not ________ to the eye but can be detected by a ____

visible test

Jaundice — Yellowing of skin and whites of eyes due to elevated __________

bilirubin

Hepatitis A — Viral liver inflammation transmitted mainly by contaminated food/water (fecal–oral); usually ______; vaccine available

acute

Hepatitis B — Virus transmitted through blood sex or birth; can become ________; vaccine available

chronic

Hepatitis C — Virus spread mainly through infected blood; often ________; no vaccine but antiviral treatment can cure most cases

chronic

Hepatitis D — Virus that infects only people with hepatitis ___; hepatitis B vaccination also prevents hepatitis D

B

Hepatitis E — Usually spread through contaminated water; typically ______; may be especially severe during __________

acute pregnancy

Cirrhosis — Long-term liver ________ that impairs normal liver function

scarring

Hematemesis — Vomiting _____ a warning sign of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

blood

Ascites — Fluid buildup in the __________ (abdominal) cavity

peritoneal

Hypoalbuminemia — Low ________ level in the blood; may contribute to swelling and ________

albumin ascites

Gynecomastia — Enlargement of male breast ______; can occur with hormone imbalance in _________

tissue cirrhosis

Gallstones / biliary calculi (cholelithiasis) — Hard ________ often cholesterol or pigment that form in the ___________

deposits gallbladder

Cholecystitis — Inflammation of __________ commonly caused by a gallstone blocking the ________ duct

gallbladder cystic

Pancreatitis: acute — Sudden pancreatic __________ often due to gallstones or alcohol; may ______ with treatment

inflammation resolve

Pancreatitis: chronic — Long-lasting pancreatic inflammation and ________ often causing permanent ________

scarring damage

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma — Most common type of pancreatic ______; arises from duct _____ and is often aggressive

cancer cells

Hepatocarcinoma (hepatocellular carcinoma) — Primary liver ______ arising from liver cells; often linked to chronic liver disease or _________

cancer cirrhosis

The gastrointestinal tract is the continuous ____ that food passes _______ (_____, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and _____ intestines), while the accessory organs (_____, gallbladder, pancreas) are separate structures that ______ digestion by secreting substances into the _____.

tube through mouth large liver assist tract

label

mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine LES pyloric sphincter gallbladder

proteins break into _____ _____, fats break into _____ _____ and ________, carbohydrates break into ______ ______

amino acids fatty acids glycerol simple sugars

The pancreas is located directly ______ the stomach. The ________ portion contains the cells that secrete ______-rich digestive ______ to help digest food. The ________ portion contains _______ and ________ secreting cells to help control _____ glucose levels. The whole clump of these cells together is called the ______ of Langerhans.

behind exocrine enzyme juices endocrine insulin glucagon blood island

The liver is located below upper _____ rib cage. Functions: Produces ____, certain proteins for blood ______, cholesterol and special proteins to help carry ____ through the body. Converts excess _______ into glycogen for storage and to _______ and make glucose as needed. Converts ammonia to ____. Stores ____, processes hemoglobin for use of its iron content. Regulates _____ clotting. Resists infections by making ______ factors and removing ________ from the bloodstream. Clears _________, also from red blood cells. If there is an accumulation of bilirubin, the skin and eyes turn ______. Clears the blood of _____ and other poisonous substances.

right bile plasma fats glucose balance urea iron blood immune bacteria bilirubin yellow drugs

The liver produces bile and it travels through the right and left hepatic _____ and the ______ hepatic duct, where they join together. From here, it can either travel through the ______ duct, where it enters the ___________, or bile from the liver/gallbladder can travel through the common ____ duct, which goes through the ________, where it enters the small intestine through the ampula of _____.

There is a pancreatic ____ inside the pancreas, which carries the digestive _______ made by the pancreas. The ampula of vater _____ both the common ____ duct and pancreatic ____ . It has another duct, called the _________ duct, which also carries pancreatic juices, but just enters the small intestine at a different ____.

ducts common cystic gallbladder bile pancreas vater duct enzymes joins bile duct accessory spot

ZONES OF SMALL INTESTINE

duodenum jejunum ileum

ZONES OF LARGE INTESTINE

ascending transverse descending sigmoid

cold sores (aka fever blisters):

• __________ of small, _____-filled blisters

• form _______ of mouth around the ____

• fever, _______, or swelling of the lymph nodes may occur, similar to other viral infections

• caused by ______ simplex virus type 1, or HSV1

• __ contagious

canker sores:

• usually a ______ round white or yellow painful sore with a red border

• ______ the mouth

• cause is idiopathic, triggers include ______, emotional stress, smoking cessation, or deficiencies

• ___contagious

collection fluid outside lips fatigue herpes is single inside injury not

thrush - _____ patches (painless), ______ pain, treatment is antifungal medicine. The _______ region has yeast. ______ can get yeast infection from being born

STDs

• Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

  • diplococci bacteria - ______ gonorrhea

  • ulcerations of _____ and throat

• Treponema Pallidum

  • spirochete bacteria - ______ syphilis

  • small canker _____ and ulcers

• ____ need antibiotic treatment

• both can be transmitted through ____ sex or _______ an infected person

white throat genital babies causes mouth causes sores both oral kissing

causes of oral cancer: _______, dipping, alcohol (even worse when combined). Lip or mouth _____ that bleed easily and do not ____ on their own. _____ symptoms

smoking sores heal other

esophageal varices can be caused by hypertension in the ______ vein.

portal

Esophagitis - inflamed esophageal ______. Can be caused by ______ and GERD - lower esophageal sphincter isn’t _______ properly

lining reflux working

appendicitis - inflammation and infection of ________ . Gangrene - tissue _____. Peritonitis - rupture and _____ into the abdominal cavity; potentially _____

appendix death leak fatal

gastritis - inflammation of _______. Peptic ______. Causes: H. ______, NSAIDS, inherited

stomach ulcers pylori

• Peptic ulcers - 2 types

  • gastric ulcers - _______

  • duodenal ulcers - _____ intestine

• both can cause hemorrhage

  • hematemesis - _____ blood

  • melena - black _____ from blood

• can advance into perforation - breaks through _____ wall

• peritonitis - inflammation of abdominal ______

stomach small vomit feces organ lining