IBDP Geography Unit 1: Changing Population Key Terms

A comprehensive vocabulary review of key demographic, economic, and migration terms for IBDP Geography Unit 1: Changing Population.

Low Income Country (LIC)

A country with GNI per capita lower than $\text{\$}1085$ (World Bank, 2022).

Middle Income Countries (MICs)

Countries with a GNI per capita between $\text{\$}1086$ and $\text{\$}4225$ (World Bank, 2022).

Emerging economy

Nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization.

High Income Country (HIC)

A country with GNI per capita higher than $\text{\$}13{,}205$ (World Bank, 2022).

Voluntary Internal Migration

Moving within a country between specific regions of a country by choice. Usually directed from rural to urban areas.

Core-Periphery Model

A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped areas are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.

Megacity

City with more than $10\text{ million}$ people.

Population projection

An estimate/prediction of a future population.

Population momentum

Population growth/decline which continues despite fertility rates falling/increasing.

Demographic transition

Change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Demographic transition model

A model showing population change over time through changes in birth rate and death rate across four stages: Stage 1 (High Stationary), Stage 2 (Early Expanding), Stage 3 (Late Expanding), and Stage 4 (Low Stationary).

Natural increase

The difference between birth rate and death rate, usually expressed as a percentage of a population. It does not take into account migration.

Fertility rate

The number of births per $1000$ women that occur during a woman's lifetime.

Life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live.

Child mortality rate

The number of children who die before the age of $5$ per $1000$ live births.

Population structure

How the population is made up of people of different ages, and of males and females.

Dependency ratio

The number of young and old dependents added together, divided by the economically active population.

Forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

Ageing societies

An increasing average age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase.

Gender equality

People of all genders enjoying the same rights and opportunities in all aspects of their lives.

Demographic dividend

A rise in the rate of economic growth due to a rising share of working age people in a population.