chap 5,6,7 problem areas

Most bacteria contain

One circular chromosome

Eukaryotic chromosomes are usually what?

Linear

Eukaryotic chromosomes are located in the

Nucleus

DNA replication occurs when?

Before cell division

Protein synthesis is

Reading, genetic information to make protein

Reverse transcription uses

RNA to make DNA

The largest known bacterial genome contains approximately

9400 genes

DNA wrapped around histones forms a

Nucleosome

What is the purpose of single-stranded binding proteins?

Preventing separated, DNA strands from rejoining

In eukaryotes DNA replication differs because

Multiple origins of replication are present

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

The cytoplasm

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

The nucleus

The main enzyme used during transcription is

RNA polymerase

How many total codons exist

64

How many stop codons exist

Three

Since codons

Code for amino acids

A peptide bond forms between

Amino acids

Frameshift mutations are most often caused by

Insertions or deletions

Physical mutagen example

UV radiation

Prokaryotic chromosomes are generally what shape?

Circular

non-pathogenic E. coli. K2 strain contains approximately how many genes.

4400 genes

guanine and adenine are

Purines

Cytosine thymine and uracil are

Pyrimidines

Purines have a

Two ring structure

Pyrimidnes have a

One ring structure

DNA is best described as

A double stranded helix

The backbone of DNA consists of

Sugars and phosphates

DNA polymerase three function

Build new DNA strands

DNA polymerase one function

Produces mRNA

Ligase Function

Joins DNA fragments together

During transcription RNA polymerase binds to the

Promoter

What is the function of rRNA?

Form ribosomes

Which ribosome site receives incoming tRNA

A site

Which ribosome site holds the growing polypeptide

P site

In eukaryotes translation requires what

Splicing and nuclear export first

In prokaryotes translation can

Begin before transcription finishes

Spontaneous mutation occurs

Naturally

Wild type cells are

Non-mutated cells

Horizontal gene transfer is transfer of DNA

Independent of cell division

Transduction involves

A virus transferring DNA

Approximately how many mammal infecting viral species have been described

5000

Approximately how many viruses are estimated to remain uncharacterized

320,000

Viruses are

A cellular

When do viruses carry out metabolism?

Never

viral genomes may be

DNA or RNA

A Virion is

A single infectious virus particle

Capsids are composed of

Capsomeres

An advantage of an envelope is

Better avoidance of immune detection

Naked viruses commonly arise through

Cell lysis

Viral spikes often serve as

Antigens recognized by the immune system

An example of influenza spikes are

HA and NA

HA stands for

Hemagutinin

NA stands for

Neuraminidase

Viral genomes may be what shapes?

Circular linear segmented

A deleterious mutation may produce

Attenuated strains

Antigenic drift involves

Minor changes in spikes

Antigenic drift is usually caused by

Small mutations

Antigenic shift involves

Major genetic reassortment

Antigenic shift could lead to

Pandemics

The broadest viral taxonomic level is

Order

The flu virus demonstrates Tissue tropism for

Lung ti

The first step of the lytic cycle

Attachment

During penetration of the lytic cycle

The genome enters The host cell

During replication of the Lytic cycle

Host DNA is often broken down

Naked viruses enter through

Endocytosis

Enveloped viruses are usually released by

Budding

Naked viruses are usually released by

Lysis

Example of a virus commonly associated with latent infections

Herpesvirus

Example of a virus commonly associated with chronic infection

HI

E. coli approximate generation time

20 minutes

First growth phase is

The lag phase

During the lag phase

Cells adjust to the environment

Exponential growth happens during the

Log phase

High temperatures usually

Denature proteins

Micro surviving cold temperatures often

Have more unsaturated fats

Plasmolysis occurs because

Water leaves the cell

ROS stands for

Reactive oxygen species

Catalase converts

Hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Die in oxygen

Organisms requiring several growth factors are

Fastidious

Heterotrophs obtain carbon from

Organic compounds

Cyanobacteria are

Photoautotroph

Boiling is generally considered

Decontamination or disinfection

The choice of sterilization or disinfection depends on

The material being treated the type of microbes present, and whether sterilization or disinfection is needed

What is a chemical method of microbial control?

Alcohol

Standard autoclave conditions include

121°C with pressure

Dry heat sterilization Includes

Incineration

UV radiation kills microbes, causing

Thymine dimmers

Aldehydes primarily target

Proteins and nucleic acids

Chlorine and iodine belong to the

Halogen

Mycobacterium control focuses on

Reducing airborne transmissions