Lifespan Development

Human Development

The scientific study of the quantitative and qualitative

ways people change over time.

Basic Research

No goal in mind. General

information

Applied

Address an immediate problem

with potential solutions

Physical Development

Includes height, weight, motor ability, brain

development and health related issues that affect growth

Intellectual /Cognitive Dev

Mental abilities, memory, reasoning,

thinking.

Personality & Social Dev.

The way each person deals with the world and expresses

emotions. Changes in relationships with others.

Prenatal:

Conception-Birth

Infancy & Toddlerhood

Birth- 3 years

Early Childhood

3-6 years

Middle Childhood

6-11 years

Critical Period

A period of time when a given event will have its

greatest impact

Theory

Attempts to organize data to explain

why certain events occur.

Hypothesis

Potential explanation for a

significant event

Longitudinal study

A study that continues over a period of time,

weeks, months, years or a lifetime.

Cross-Sectional Study

A study that involves different groups of

people at various ages but all at the same time.

Questionaire

Much research is

completed doing this type of method but

problems in accuracy and in obtaining a

representative sample of the population is

always a factor.

Naturalistic Observation

Individual(s) observed in their natural

setting. (Kids observed at recess)

Case study

Study of a single individual in depth.

Ethnographic Study

In depth study of a culture or subculture

Correlational Study

Determining if there is a nexus (relationship)

between two or more variable

perfect correlation

1.00 or -1.00

Experimental Design

Independent and dependent variables and control

groups

Independent variable

What the experimental has control over

Dependent variable

The results of the experiment

Experimental group

The group that received the actual

experimental method.

Control Group

necessary participants of any good experimental

design used as a comparison to the results obtained from the

experimental group

Sigmund Freud

Early childhood experiences permanently shape

personality. Behavior is controlled by powerful

unconscious urges

Erik Erikson

Personality is influenced by society and develops

through a series of crisis's. Ego development is

lifelong. We always have the ability to change if we

are truly motivated to do so

Behaviorism

Observed behavior as a predictable response to experience

Social learning:

Children learn behaviors by observing and imitating others

Ivav Pavlov

Classical conditioning

B.F Skinner

Operant conditioning

Albert Bandura

Children imitating aggresive behavior

Cognitive Perspective

Concerned with qualitative changes in thought processes and

behavior that reflects these changes. Change in behavior is the

result of understanding

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological perspective

Focuses on biological and evolutionary bases of behavior.

Attachment

An early, reciprocal, affectionate

relationship between an infant and their

main caregiver

Contextual Perspective

Suggests that the development of children from one

culture may not be an appropriate norm for children

from another culture.

Humanistic Perspective

People have the ability to take charge of their lives and to foster

their own development

Abraham Maslow:

Self- actualization theory.

◦Carl Rogers

Client (person) centered therapy

Milgram’s experiment

Tested whether people obey authority even when they believe they are harming others.

Contact comfort

Physical touch and softness provide comfort and security, important for attachment.

Fertilization

Females: Born with all the ova she will ever have. About 300,000 at time of puberty.

• Males: Sperm tadpole like 1/600 in long. Produced at therate of several hundred million

/ day at time of puberty

fertilization

On the day of ovulation in women or during the 5 days before. However, sperm remain active up to 6 days

Chromosomes

46 chromosomes 23 in mother 23 in father

Conception and chance survival of sex

males are conceived more than females

Zygote cell

First cell of the union of the ova and sperm

cell. Contains 46 chromosomes.

PKU

An inherited genetic disorder where the body cannot properly break down phenylalanine, an amino acid, causing it to build up and potentially damage the brain if untreated.

Monozygotic

identical twin

Dizygotic

Fraternal twin

Personality

The pattern of collective , character,

behavioral., temperamental, emotional and

mental traits of an individual.

NY Longitudinal Study

Followed 133 children from infancy to adulthood and found the

following assets of temperament appear to be in born

Trisomy 21

A genetic condition (Down syndrome) caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. the chance increases as the mother’s age increases, especially after age 35. However, it can occur at any maternal age.

Amniocentesis

Taking amniotic fluid to determine the presence of

birth defects and sex of the baby.

Ultrasound

High Frequency waves are directed into the abdomen

to yield a picture call a Sonogram. Can measure baby’s head,

presence of Spina Bifida, missing limbs, gestation age , and if

twins are present.

Chorionic Villus Sampling

a prenatal test that checks placental tissue for genetic or chromosomal disorders in the fetus. can determine similar results as

Amniocentesis but can be done at an earlier time in pregnancy

Prenatal Environment

All drugs can enter the placenta including Aspirin which is dangerous to the

unborn (marijuana, Alcohol, Nicotine, Cocaine, DES)

RH Factor

an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on

the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive the

most common Rh factor. If your blood lacks the protein, you're Rh negative.

1st stage

last 12-24 hours for Contractions: Mild then painful Physically: Cervix widens to

allow baby’s head to pass

through

2nd stage (1/2 hours)

Ends when baby emerges

completely from mothers' body. Physically Mother helps to

‘push’ the baby out.

3rd stage

Lasts 5-30 minutes. Umbilical cord and placenta are expelled.

Cesarean Delivery

Surgical procedure to remove the baby from the uterus by cutting through the abdomen

C section done because

Labor is too long

• Baby is in the beach position

• Baby is in a transverse position

• Baby's head is too big

• Baby is in Fetal distress

• Mother has herpes lesion

• Vaginal bleeding

• Lawsuits

Average Newborn Baby in USA

20” long and 7 ½ lbs

Low birth weight: less than 5 ½ lbs. at

birth.

• Very low birth weight: 3 1/3 lbs. or less

at birth. Not diabetes, associated with high birth weight babies

Low-Birth-Weight

Babies

More prone to infection

• Have difficulty breathing

• May need to be fed I.V.

• Harder to keep warm due to insufficient body fat

Apgar scale

Appearance (skin color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflexes), Activity (muscle tone), and Respiration (breathing). Each is scored 0–2, for a maximum of 10 points

Neonatal period

1st. 2-4 weeks of life. Time of transition from

womb to life outside the womb.

Fontanels

Soft spots in skull of baby. Closes completely by 18

months.

Meconium

Stringy, greenish black waste matter found in the fetal

intestinal tract.

Physiological Jaundice

Occurs 3-4 days after birth involving nearly 50% of

all babies to some degree. Not usually serious. Common with premature

babies. Treated with Bili lights to stimulate liver function

Sleeping in Infancy

Average 16/hrs. day (Really!) After 3 months

a pattern can develop. Babies have 6-8 sleep periods.

What’s the baby’s favorite color favorite shape and how much can they see at birth

Babies can see clearly from about 8-12” at birth, favorite color red favorite shape circle, Babies can hear at birth sees depth after 6 months!

Physical Development

By 5 months a baby's weight doubles (i.e.) If 7 ½ @ birth become

15 lbs.

• By 12 months a baby's weight triples to 22 lbs. based on example.

• At birth, a baby's head is 25% of its vertical length

• Normal adult head is 12 ½ % of vertical length.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs.

Lamaze

Known as Prepared Childbirth

• Breathing exercises

• Muscular exercises

• Educational Component

• Utilizes a coach who takes part in

delivery as well as attend classes.

• More popular in USA

Leboyer

Known as Birth Without Violence

• Delivery in low light, humid room

• Baby placed in warm saline solution

• Not slapped on bottom to begin

breathing

• Allowed to remain on mother's

stomach after birth

• Less popular due to doctors'

concerns over possible lawsuits.