Grade 11 History Review: Bourgeois Revolutions, Capitalism, and Socialism

Comprehensive review flashcards covering Grade 11 History topics: Bourgeois Revolutions (characteristics, leadership, and outcomes), the Establishment and Challenges of Modern Capitalism, the Creation and Crisis of the Soviet Union, and the Post-WWII Development and Reform of Socialism in China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cuba.

What were the primary tasks of bourgeois revolutions that took place between the mid-16th century and the early 20th century?

To abolish the feudal system, establish bourgeois democracy, and form a unified national market.

What was the central economic objective of bourgeois revolutions from the mid-16th century to the early 20th century?

To clear the path for the development of capitalism.

Which social classes and strata served as leaders of bourgeois revolutions between the mid-16th century and the early 20th century?

The bourgeoisie (giai cấp tư sản), the new nobility (quý tộc mới), and the bourgeoisified nobility (quý tộc tư sản hóa). The working class was not a leader.

What constituted the decisive driving force for the victory of bourgeois revolutions?

The masses of the people (quần chúng nhân dân).

What key historical similarity is shared by the War of Independence of the 13 British colonies in North America and the English Bourgeois Revolution?

Both revolutions opened the way for the development of capitalism.

How did the War of Independence of the 13 British colonies in North America differ fundamentally from the English Bourgeois Revolution in its nature?

It was a national liberation war directed against British colonialism, rather than a domestic civil war.

What progressive feature was upheld in both the United States Declaration of Independence ($1776$) and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ($1789$)?

The promotion and defense of civil rights and human rights (đề cao quyền công dân và quyền con người).

Who were three prominent leaders of the English, North American, and French bourgeois revolutions listed in the curriculum?

Ô. C rôm - oen (England), G. Oa – sinh - tơn (North America), and M. Rô - be - spie (France).

What distinct state models were established by the English Bourgeois Revolution and the French Bourgeois Revolution upon their victories?

The English Bourgeois Revolution established a constitutional monarchy, while the French Bourgeois Revolution established a republic.

Why did Western capitalist nations intensify their policies of colonial invasion and territorial expansion starting in the early 19th century?

To meet their rapidly escalating demands for raw materials and labor.

To which stage did capitalism transition at the close of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century?

Imperialism (đế quốc chủ nghĩa).

Which nation was dubbed 'the empire on which the sun never sets' in the early 20th century, and why?

Great Britain (nước Anh), because it held an expansive colonial system spanning the globe.

What were the primary organizational forms of monopolies that emerged in Germany, France, and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Cartels (Các-ten) and Syndicates (Xanh-đi-ca) in Germany and France, and Trusts (Tơ-rớt) in the United States.

Which historical event marked the geographic expansion of capitalism beyond Europe?

The War of Independence of the 13 British colonies in North America.

What three major challenges confront modern capitalism according to the curriculum diagram?

Increasing social inequality; deep-seated socio-political issues with bourgeois democracy being eroded to serve only a minority; and latent global crises such as financial-monetary and environmental crises.

In the caricature 'Power of monopolies in the US', how is the relationship between monopoly organizations and the state represented?

A giant python bearing the word 'monopoly' coils tightly around the White House and threatens the populace, demonstrating that monopoly organizations collude closely with and dominate the bourgeois state.

Which event led directly to the establishment of the first socialist state in world history?

The Russian October Revolution of $1917$ (Cách mạng tháng Mười Nga năm 1917), led by Lê-nin.

What significant actions were taken by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on October 25 and October 26, $1917$?

On the night of October 25, it proclaimed the abolition of the Provisional Government and formed the Soviet government headed by Lê-nin; on October 26, it adopted the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land.

Which $4$ Soviet republics initially united to establish the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)?

Russia (Nga), Ukraine (U-crai-na), Belorussia (Bê-lô-rút-xi-a), and Transcaucasia (Ngoại Cáp-ca-dơ).

What emblem was placed on the National Emblem of the Soviet Union under the $1924$ Constitution?

The hammer and sickle on a globe (búa liềm trên quả địa cầu).

On what fundamental principles was the union of Soviet republics established according to the $1924$ Soviet Constitution?

On a voluntary basis (tự nguyện), grounded in equality and friendship among all ethnic groups.

Which event marked the transformation of socialism from a single nation into a global system?

The victory of the people's democratic revolutions in Eastern European countries between $1945$ and $1949$.

What was the fundamental subjective cause leading to the crisis and collapse of socialism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe?

A subjective and voluntaristic leadership line (đường lối mang tính chủ quan, duy ý chí) along with a rigid, bureaucratic, centrally planned economic mechanism.

What was the primary objective factor contributing to the collapse of socialist regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe?

Subversive activities and sabotage by domestic and foreign hostile forces.

What core political lesson did the Communist Party of Vietnam draw from the collapse of the Soviet Union for its ongoing socialist construction?

Firmly maintaining the absolute leadership of the Communist Party and refusing to accept political pluralism (không chấp nhận đa nguyên chính trị).

What pivotal decision was adopted by China in December $1978$?

The launch of the historic reform and opening-up policy (cải cách mở cửa).

What was the foundational focus of China's reform and opening-up guidelines from $1978$ onward?

Taking economic development as the central focus (lấy phát triển kinh tế làm trọng tâm) and establishing a socialist market economy.

In which year did China's economy rise to become the second largest in the world by GDP?

In the year $2010$, surpassing Japan to rank behind only the United States.

What landmark technological achievement made China the third nation in the world to launch humans into outer space?

The successful launch and spaceflights of the Shenzhou (Thần Châu) spacecraft.

When did Vietnam initiate its national renewal (Đổi mới) process, and what did its achievements prove?

In $1986$; its economic, political, and social achievements proved that the path toward socialism is suitable for Vietnam's objective reality.

What reform initiatives were launched by Laos and Cuba in the late 20th century to develop socialism?

Laos implemented comprehensive renewal along a socialist orientation beginning in $1986$, while Cuba carried out step-by-step selective economic reforms beginning in $1991$.