Biology Unit 1 Test

organic molecules

molecules containing carbon are said to be organic (C atom can form up to 4 covalent bonds, molecules can be p or np, c molecules can form rings or chains, can be assembled or remodeled into variety of organic cmpds)

monomers

molecules used as repeatable subunits to build larger molecules

polymers

larger molecules that are built from chains of monomers

dehydration synthesis

how cells build larger molecules from smaller ones - enzyme removes a hydroxyl group from one molecule and a h-atom from another. covelant bond forms btw molecule and water

monomer and bond of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, glycosidic

monomer and bond of lipids

fatty acids and glycerol, ester

monomer and bond of protein

amino acids, peptide

monomer and bond of nucleic acids

nucleotides, phosphodiester

hydrolysis

how cells split a large molecule into a smaller one - enzyme attaches to a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom (both from water) at cleavage sit

Hydroxyl

-OH or HO- (H atom bonded with an O atom), ex. ethanol, alcohol, polar molecule with covalent bond, hydrophilic

carbonyl

-CO- (carbon atom double-bonded to an o atom), ketones: continual (carbonyl group is within carbon skeleton, 2 C) vs. aldehydes: terminal (at end of carbon skeleton, 1 H and 1 C), ex. acetone (ketone) and propanol (aldehyde), polar with covelant bonds, hydrophilic

carboxyl

-COOH (C atom double bonded to O atom and single bonded to OH group- hydroxyl), carboxylic acids/organic acids, ex. acetic acid, extremely polar and donates H atoms to increase acidity

amino

-NH₂ (N atom bonded to two seperate H atoms), amines, ex. glycine, acts as a base - can easily pick up H+ and become ionized

sulfhydryl

-SH (S atom bonded to H atom), thiols, ex. cysteine, can cross link and form covalent bonds (in hair proteins, how perms are made)

phosphate

-OPO₃^2- (P atom double bonded to O atom and single bonded to 3 O atoms, 2 having (-) charges), organic phosphates, ex. glycerol phosphate, very polar and reactive w/ water bc of (-) charge, backbone for phospholipids

methyl

-CH₃ (C atom bonded to 3 seperate H atoms), Methylated Compounds, ex. 5-Methyl Cytidine (component of DNA), found in gender hormones and in gene expression in DNA

carbohydrares

consist of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (for monomers), can be used for energy, structure, and storing/transporting energy

monosaccharides

simplest form of sugar and building block of all carbohydrates, linear or ring form, very soluable (ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose)

disaccharides

made of two monomers joined together (sucrose( table sugar) = glucose + fructose, lactose (in milk) = glucose + galactose, maltose = glucose + glucose)

polysaccharides

also called complex carbs since they contain many monomers and take longer to break down, branched or in straight chains

cellulose - plant structure, in celery, can’t break down bc alternating structure, chitin - animal structure/ exoskeletons, also has N, starch - plant energy storage, broken down into glucose, glycogen - animal energy storage, formed from extra glucose and rearranged into branches to be more accessible to your body (like for exercise)

oligosaccharides

more chains than monosacharides but less than polysaccharides

lipids

function as long-term energy storage and structural foundation of cell membranes, hydrophobic, np, insoluable in water, fatty, oily or waxy

fatty acids

fundamental building block that make up many types of lipids, simple or organic cmpds with a carboxyl group joined to a backbone of 4-36 carbon atoms, found in hormones and vitamins

saturated fatty acids

single bonds w/in hydrogen tails, every carbon atom bonded to max # of H atoms, fully saturated and can stack up at room temp forming a soft solid (butter), tails are flexible, most animal fats are saturated

unsaturated fatty acids

contain 1 or more double bonds in the C chain, causes hydrogen bond to bend slightly, less flexible, cannot stack together and liquid at room temp

fats

lipids with 1, 2, 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol (an alcohol), fatty acids attatches to a glycerol via the carboxyl group which loses its hydrophilic properties (detatches the H), ex. triglycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids

phospholipids

have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, every cell has them seperating inside and outside

phospholipid bilayer- forms a sphere (h20 on inside and outside) makes membrane selectively permeable

waves

complex molecule with a varied mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long chains of alcohols or carbon rings, tightly packed and water resistant, (ex. lubricate and protect skin and hair, makes bird feathers waterproof, bees make honey combs to raise larvae and store honey)

steroids

lipids with a rigid backbone of 4 C rings and no fatty acid tails (ex. cholesterol - maintain cell structure, bile salts that help us digest fats, Vitamin D, steroid hormones)

proteins

made up of amino acids and involved in cellular processes, most diverse - used for structure, nutrition, enzymes, transport, communication, cellular defense, antibodies, C,H,N, and O

amino acids

20 possible, all with amine group, carboxyl group, and R group (np, p, basic, acidic), polypeptides are the linear chain of amino acids, peptide bonds btw amine group of 1 amino acid and carboxyl group of another

primary structure

unique amino acid sequence of a protein (polypeptide chain), amino acids held together by peptide bonds, linear sequence

secondary structure

polypeptide chain fold and forms h-bonds btw the amino acids, results from interactions btw repeating portions of amino acids, causes polypetides to make 2 shapes - beta pleated sheets or alpha helixes.

tertiary structure

depends on how r groups interact with each other, packed more tightly, (ex. globulin), can interact w/ hbond, hydrophobic interactions, disulfate bridges, ionic bonds

quaternary structure

some proteins consist of 2 or more folded polypeptide chains in close association or covelantly bonded together, r-groups interact here, (ex. hemoglobin made up of globin - protein that makes of hemoglobin and heme, non protein parts containing iron)

denaturation

process of proteins losing 3d shape due to external stress (like heat), bonds break and unravel and no longer functions correctly, can have drastic health consequences, heat, salt, acid, detergent can disrupt hbonds that make up shape, irreversible

nucleic acids

dna is a polymer made of repeating units of nucleotides (monomers),

nucleotides have phosphate groups (negativley charged), 5 carbon deoxyribose sugars, nitrogen bases (A, T, C, or G)

5 carbon deoxyribose sugars

5 C atoms numbered clockwise - 1’ holds n base, 3’ holds hydroxide that bonds with other r groups, 5’ holds onto phosphate group

directionality of dna

antiparalle vc strands run in opposite directions

dna bonds

h-bonds (weak) hold bases together: T=A (2bonds), C=_G (3bonds), covalent phosphodiester bonds (strong) hold nucleotides together at the backbone

pyrimidines (T, C, U w/ single rings) always bond with purines (A, G, w/ double rings)

dna vs. rna

dna: double stranded. deoxyribose sugar, thymine (t), rna: single stranded, oxyribose sugar, uracil (u)