Unit 16: Cardiovascular system

HTHS 2111

What structures are enclosed in the mediastinum? Mark all that apply.

Aortic arch

Esophagus

heart

inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

thymus

trachea

Systemic circulation structures

renal artery and vein, hepatic artery and vein, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, hepatic portal vein, aorta

Pulmonary circulation structures

pulmonary arteries and veins, right ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary capillaries capillary bed of lungs

Blood enters the right atrium from the inferior and superior venae cavae. Starting with #1 = right atrium, identify the structures that the blood passes through, in the correct order.

• 1 & 17: right atrium

• 2: tricuspid valve

• 3: right ventricle

• 4: pulmonary valve

• 5: pulmonary arteries

• 6: capillary bed of the lungs

• 7: pulmonary veins

• 8: left atrium

• 9: mitral (bicuspid valve)

• 10: left ventricle

• 11: aortic valve

• 12: aorta

• 13: systemic arteries

• 14: capillary beds of body tissues

• 15: systemic veins

• 16: superior and inferior venae cavae

P wave

atrial systole/depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

QRS Complex

ventricular systole/depolarization

SA node

natural pacemaker

contractile cells

myocardiocytes

conduction cells

SA node, AV node, purkinje fibers

QT interval

time of depolarization and repolarization of ventricles

These vessels have a thick tunica media of smooth muscle to allow for dilation and constriction for movement of blood

arteries

These vessels have a very thick tunica externa and in general do not control their own flow

veins

These are found in veins to regulate blood flow and prevent backflow

valves

These are generally larger arteries that must expand and contract as pulse pressure changes, e.g. aorta

elastic arteries

These vessels have larger smooth muscle layers to control blood flow; an example is the brachial artery

muscular artery

These vessels are microscopic and have very thin walls to allow for gas and nutrient exchange between bloodstream and tissue

capillary

What type of capillary is this

continuous

What type of capillary is this

fenestrated

What type of capillary is this

sinusoid

Using this image as a guide, what would the net movement of fluid be if capillary hydrostatic pressure was 40 mm Hg and blood colloidal osmotic pressure was 40 mm Hg?

no net movement

Using this image as a guide, what would the net movement of fluid be if capillary hydrostatic pressure was 35 mm Hg and blood colloidal osmotic pressure was 25 mm Hg?

fluid would move into tissues

Using this image as a guide, what would the net movement of fluid be if capillary hydrostatic pressure was 25 mm Hg and blood colloidal osmotic pressure was 32 mm Hg?

fluid would reenter capillary

Right atrium and Left atrium

Right atrium receives blood from the body, Left atrium receives blood from the lungs

Right ventricle and Left ventricle

Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, Left ventricle pumps blood to the body

Right ventricle filled with what type of blood

deoxygenated

pericardium

encloses the heart

muscle (myocardium)

cardiac tamponade

pressure of the pericardial

fluid exceeds the pressure of the

atria

A special kind of Na+ channel (Na+ “funny” channels) is exclusive to the

pacemaker cells

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Cell bodies in vagal nucleus, axons travel to vagus nerve to end in the cardiac plexus to release acetylcholine (ACh)

postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

cell bodies in cardiac plexus, short axons release acetylcholine onto SA node to act on muscarinic ACh receptors

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

cell bodies in intermediolateral cell column (lateral horn) of spinal cord from T1-L2, axons end in sympathetic chain ganglia and release acetylcholine

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Cell bodies in cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia, axons end on heart muscle and release norepinephrine