SYSTEMIC CHANGES IN PREGNANCY

Endocrine System

The hormone-producing system that undergoes changes to support pregnancy.

Placental Hormones

The placenta produces hormones including estrogen, progesterone, hCG, and hPL.

Relaxin

A hormone associated with relaxation of pelvic tissues and other pregnancy changes.

Prostaglandins

Substances involved in reproductive processes, including cervical changes and labor.

Pituitary Gland Changes

FSH and LH production stops; growth hormone-related activity and melanocyte-stimulating hormone increase according to the notes.

Prolactin

A hormone involved in breast development and milk production.

Oxytocin

A hormone involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Changes

The glands increase in size and hormone production according to the notes.

Pancreatic Changes

Insulin production increases, but insulin may be less effective.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy.

Immune System Changes

The notes describe decreased immunologic competency and IgG production, with increased white blood cells.

Integumentary Changes

May include stretch marks, linea nigra, melasma, vascular spiders, abdominal muscle separation, and protruding umbilicus.

Diastasis

Separation of abdominal muscles.

Respiratory Changes

Breathing may become faster, around 18–20 breaths per minute in the notes, and shortness of breath may occur.

Cardiovascular Changes

Blood and plasma volume, red blood cell production, and cardiac output increase during pregnancy.

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute; the notes indicate an increase of 25–50%.

Blood Pressure Changes

The notes describe a slight decrease in the second trimester and a return toward first-trimester levels in the third trimester.

Fibrinogen

A blood-clotting protein that increases during pregnancy.

Digestive System Changes

Stomach acidity decreases and intestinal movement slows, which may cause heartburn and constipation.

Urinary System Changes

Increased kidney filtration, urinary frequency, and changes in ureters and bladder capacity.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The rate at which the kidneys filter blood; the notes indicate a 30–50% increase.

Aldosterone

A hormone associated with increased sodium reabsorption during pregnancy.