BioLec3(5) Chapter 14

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are commonly used for prophylaxis following surgery.

 

True

False

False

One of the bacteria that is notorious of causing superinfection is:

 

Streptomyces spp.

Clostridium difficile

Candida albicans

Yersinia pestis

Clostridium difficile

Sometimes, it is best to use two different antibiotics to treat an infection. This can happen because of the ________________________________.

 

Antagonistic effects of the two drugs

Symbiotic effects of the drugs

Synergistic effects of the drugs

Agonistic effects of the drug

Synergistic effects of the drugs

Echinocandins, known as “penicillin for fungi,” target β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls.

 

True

False

True

What was the first synthetic antimicrobial?

 

Penicillin

Salvarsan

Sulfanilamide

Tetracycline

Sulfanilamide

β-lactamases can degrade vancomycin.

 

 True

False

False

What is the risk of using broad spectrum antimicrobials?

 

Considerable, as with any antimicrobial usage

Superinfection, as they target a broad spectrum of normal microbiota

Minimal, as they target only the microbes that causes the disease

None, they should be used all the time as it cuts time of figuring which pathogen caused the infection

Superinfection, as they target a broad spectrum of normal microbiota

Which of the following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection?

 

long-term use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials

long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

short-term use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials

short-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

The group of soil bacteria known for their ability to produce a wide variety of antimicrobials is called the ________.

 

actinomycetes

syphilis

staphylococci

bacilli

antinomycetes

The first evidence of ancient people using antimicrobial agents have been found in the skeletal remains of people from Nubia (present-day Sudan). The residue of the antimicrobial agent was _________________.

 

Sulfanilamide

Salvarsan

Penicillin

Tetracycline

Tetracycline

Alexander Fleming first observed a mold (now known as Penicillium notatum) that was able to inhibit which organism?

 

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Listeria

Escherichia

Staphylococcus

A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following?

 

synthetic

semisynthetic

natural

resistant

semisynthetic

Paul Erlich and his assistant Sanachiro Hata, screened more than 600 compounds containing arsenic for the treatment of this particular disease. They later marketed the drug under the name of Salvarsan. This drug was used to treat __________.

 

Streptococcus infections

Staphylococcal infections

Syphilis

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

Which of the following is not a type of β-lactam antimicrobial?

 

glycopeptides

cephalosporins

penicillins

monobactams

glycopeptides

One of the following is true for Sulfonamides.

 

Are metabolic analogs and block folic acid synthesis

Block peptides in the glycan formation of the cell wall

Interfere with peptide bond formation and translation

Damage cell membranes

Are metabolic analogs and block folic acid synthesis

An antiviral drug that can block reverse transcriptase can be used to treat _______________.

 

Chickenpox

Influenza

HIV

Herpes

HIV

This antimicrobial drug is non-toxic to humans and it is used to fight bed bugs, lice, and mites:

 

Ivermectin

Sulfadiazine

Albendazole

Praziquantel

Ivermectin

Which antimicrobial drug, which is a plant derived antifungal, is very effective against malaria?

 

Atovaquone

Proguanil

Pyrimethamine

Artemisinin

Artemisinin

What is the most common mode of action for antifungal drugs?

 

Disruption of protein synthesis

Metabolic alternatives, for inhibition of folic acid

Disruption of cell membrane

Disruption of cell wall

Disruption of cell membrane

Which drug, together with rifampicin, is used to treat tuberculosis?

 

Isoniazid

Cephalosporin

Tetracycline

Erythromycin

Isoniazid

Which of the following represents the product of Bacillus polymyxa that targets the bacterial membrane as their mode of action?

 

vancomycin

tetracycline

cephalosporins

polymyxins

polymyxins

Which one is the most commonly used antiviral drug?

 

Sulfonamide

Ivermectin

Sulfadiazine

Acyclovir

Acyclovir

Which one is the antifungal drug usually used to treat dermatophytic skin infections?

 

Amphotericin B

Allylamines

Terbafine (Lamisil)

Nystatin

Terbafine (Lamisil)

Which of the following is not an appropriate target for antifungal drugs?

 

cholesterol

chitin

β(1→3) glucan

 ergosterol

cholesterol

Which of the following drug classes specifically inhibits neuronal transmission in helminths?

 

quinolines

imidazoles

avermectins

amantadines

avermectins

The following is true for the cephalosporins. Mark all that apply.

 

The newer generation cephalosporins are semi-synthetic

 They have Beta lactam ring

 The newer generations are effective against the gram negative

 The first cephalosporin was natural, isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium

 They are synthetic drugs

The newer generation cephalosporins are semi-synthetic

They have Beta lactam ring

The newer generations are effective against the gram negative

The first cephalosporin was natural, isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium

Which antimicrobial drug is commonly used to treat parasitic tapeworms and liver flukes as well as schistosomiasis?

 

Albendazole

Sulfadiazine

Praziquantel

Ivermectin

Praziquantel

What do Mebendazole and ivermectin are used for?

 

Viral infections

Protozoan infections

Helminthic infections

Fungal infections

Helminthic infections

Which one is the antimicrobic that does not inhibit the cell wall synthesis?

 

Penicillin

Vancomycin

Gentamicin

Cephalosporins

Gentamicin

Which antibiotic is used to treat wound infections, septic infection, endocarditis, and meningitis, and it is used as a last resort for pathogens resistant to other antibiotics?

 

Tetracycline

Methicillin

Vancomycin

Sulfanilamide

Vancomycin

What does the ESKAPE pathogen acronym refer to?

 

the name of the mechanisms involved in resistance to antimicrobial

The name of pathogens that are cool

The name of the scientist that named the cool bacteria

The name of pathogens that are considered superbugs

The name of pathogens that are considered superbugs

Which one is true for the Clavulanic acid?

 

Helps break resistance to vancomycin by inactivating the target modification in bacteria

Contributes to resistance of bacteria, by making them stronger

Helps bind to the Beta lactamase and prevents them from inactivating the Beta lactam ring

Incorporates the plasmid DNA into the bacterial DNA, thus making them resistant to antibiotics

Helps bind to the Beta lactamase and prevents them from inactivating the Beta lactam ring

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

 

target modification

target overproduction

efflux pump

target mimicry

efflux pump

Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA strains, may commonly be carried as a normal member of the nasal microbiota in some people.

 

 

True

False

True

Which one of the following is true for a cross resistant microbe?

 

Is resistant toward one particular antimicrobial drug

Is using one or more resistant mechanisms against multiple microbial drugs

Is using single resistance mechanisms toward multiple antimicrobial drugs

Is using one or more resistant mechanisms against one microbial drug

Is using single resistance mechanisms toward multiple antimicrobial drugs

The following are true for Aminoglycoside resistance. Mark all that apply.

 

Efflux pump

Target modification

Blocked penetration

Plasmid formation

Inactivation of enzymes

 

Efflux pump

Target modification

Blocked penetration

Inactivation of enzymes

These mechanisms contribute to drug resistance. Mark all that apply.

 

Plasmid formation

Efflux pump

Blocked penetration

Target modification

Inactivation of enzymes

Efflux pump

Blocked penetration

Target modification

Inactivation of enzymes

The rate of discovery of antimicrobial drugs has decreased significantly in recent decades.

 

True

False

True

The recent development of which technology has brought researchers to bypass the standard cultivation technique in the lab?

 

iPad

iChip

iCheck

iPhone

iChip

Which of the following has yielded compounds with the most antimicrobial activity?

 

air

water

volcanoes

soil

soil

Why have the United States and Europe banned the use of human antibiotics in animal feed?

 

Because it has been connected to drug resistant problem

Because it causes human infections in pigs and cows

Because it makes the animals become larger

Because it raises the prices

Because it has been connected to drug resistant problem

Which of the following describes an antibiogram?

 

a compilation of local antibiotic susceptibility data broken down by bacterial pathogen

a synthetic antibiotic

a compilation of all known antibiotic resistant bacteria found in the United States

a sterile disk infused with antibiotic and used in a Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay

a compilation of local antibiotic susceptibility data broken down by bacterial pathogen

A macrobroth dilution assay to determine the MIC of amoxicillin on coli is shown below. What is the MIC?

 

0.01 µg/mL

 

0.05 µg/mL

 

5.00 µg/mL

 

0.10 µg/mL

0.05 µg/mL

In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, the _______ of the zone of inhibition is measured and used for interpretation.

 

microbial population

depth

circumference

diameter

diameter

The method that can determine the MICs of multiple antimicrobial drugs against a microbial strain using a single agar plate is called the Etest.

 

True

False

True

Using the Etest shown below, determine the approximate MIC of this antibiotic against the bacterium plated.

 

0.12 µg/mL

256 µg/mL

8 µg/mL

0.5 µg/mL

0.5 µg/mL

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of drug that kills bacteria.

 

True

False

False

The utility of an antibiogram is that it shows antimicrobial susceptibility trends

 

in research laboratory strains.

in a localized population.

for an individual patient.

over a large geographic area.

in a localized population.

These can be used to determine the MIC. Mark all that apply.

 

PCR test

Etest

Dilution test that inhibits turbidity

Microdilution tray

Etest

Dilution test that inhibits turbidity

Microdilution tray

Which of the following describes an antibiogram?

 

a synthetic antibiotic

a compilation of local antibiotic susceptibility data broken down by bacterial pathogen

a sterile disk infused with antibiotic and used in a Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay

a compilation of all known antibiotic resistant bacteria found in the United States

a compilation of local antibiotic susceptibility data broken down by bacterial pathogen

In regards to antibacterial dilution tests, what does MIC stand for?

 

Lowest drug concentration that kills>99.9% of the starting inoculum

The lowest concentration of drug that inhibits visible bacterial growth

Man in Charge

Market Intelligence Center

The lowest concentration of drug that inhibits visible bacterial growth

How can the effectiveness of the antimicrobial drug be observed on the agar?

 

With the size of the filter paper disk

With the zone of inhibition

with the beauty of the agar

With the bacterial inoculum

With the zone of inhibition

 If drug A produces a larger zone of inhibition than drug B on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, drug A should always be prescribed.

 

True

False

False

Examine the results of the disk diffusion assay shown above. Which antimicrobial agent is the most effective?

 

 

D

A

C

B

A

These factors determine the size of a zone of inhibition. Mark all that apply.

 

The color of the agar

Drug solubility

the thickness of the agar medium

Rate of diffusion

 

Drug solubility

the thickness of the agar medium

Rate of diffusion