Exam #4: Neck & Back

NIU BIOS 546 Neck & Back (Unit 4)

What are the attachments of serratus posterior superior?

Origin: Nuchal Ligament, Spinous Processes C7-T3

Insertion: Ribs 2-5

What are the attachments of serratus posterior inferior?

Origin: Spinous Processes T11-L2

Insertion: Ribs 9-12

What are the attachments of splenius capitis?

Origin: Nuchal Ligament, Spinous Processes C7-T3

Insertion: Mastoid Process, Superior Nuchal Line

What are the attachments of splenius cervicis?

Origin: Spinous Processes T3-T6

Insertion: Transverse Processes C1-C3

What are the attachments of iliocostalis?

Origin: Iliac Crest, Sacrum. Thoracocolumbar Fascia

Insertion: Angles of Ribs, Cervical Transverse Processes

What are the attachments of longissimus?

Origin: Iliac Crest, Sacrum, Thoracolumbar Fascia

Insertion: Ribs, Transverse Processes, Mastoid Process

What are the attachments of spinalis?

Origin: Spinous Processes (lower vertebrae)

Insertion: Spinous Processes (upper vertebrae)

What are the attachments of semispinaliscapitis?

Origin: Transverse Processes C7-T6

Insertion: Occipital Bone

What are the attachments of semispinalis cervicis?

Origin: Transverse Processes T1-T6

Insertion: Spinous Processes C2-C5

What are the attachments of multifidus?

Origin: Sacrum, Transverse Processes, Articular Processes

Insertion: Spinous Processes of Superior Vertebrae

What are the attachments of rotatores?

Origin: Transverse Processes

Insertion: Spinous Processes (1-2 levels above)

What are the attachments of levatores costarum?

Origin: Transverse Processes C7-T11

Insertion: Ribs Below

What are the attachments of intertransversarii?

Origin: Transverse Processes

Insertion: Adjacent Transverse Processes

What are the attachments of interspinales?

Origin: Spinous Processes

Insertion: Adjacent Spinous Processes

What are the attachments of rectus capitis posterior major?

Origin: Spinous Process of C2

Insertion: Inferior Nuchal Line

What are the attachments of rectus capitis posterior minor?

Origin: Posterior Tubercle of C1

Insertion: Inferior Nuchal Line

What are the attachments of obliquus capitis superior?

Origin: Transverse Process of C1

Insertion: Occipital Bone

What are the attachments of obliquus capitis inferior?

Origin: Spinous Process of C2

Insertion: Transverse Process of C1

What are the attachments of platysma?

Origin: Fascia Over Pectoralis Major & Deltoid

Insertion: Inferior Mandible, Skin of Lower Face

What are the attachments of sternocleidomastoid?

Origin: Manubrium & Clavicle

Insertion: Mastoid Process, Superior Nuchal Line

What are the attachments of trapezius?

Origin: Occipital Bone, Nuchal Ligament, Spinous Processes C7-T12

Insertion: Clavicle, Acromion, Spine of Scapula

What are the attachments of sternohyoid?

Origin: Manubrium & Medial Clavicle

Insertion: Hyoid Bone

What are the attachments of sternothyroid?

Origin: Manubrium

Insertion: Thyroid Cartilage

What are the attachments of thyrohyoid?

Origin: Thyroid Cartilage

Insertion: Hyoid Bone

What are the attachments of omohyoid?

Origin: Superior Border of Scapula

Insertion: Hyoid Bone

What are the attachments of digastric- anterior belly?

Origin: Mandible (digastric fossa)

Insertion: Hyoid via Intermediate Tendon

What are the attachments of digastric- posterior belly?

Origin: Mastoid Notch of Temporal Bone

Insertion: Hyoid via Intermediate Tendon

What are the attachments of stylohyoid?

Origin: Styloid Process

Insertion: Hyoid Bone

What are the attachments of mylohyoid?

Origin: Mylohyoid Line of Mandible

Insertion: Hyoid Bone, Median Raphe

What are the attachments of geniohyoid?

Origin: Inferior Mental Spine of Mandible

Insertion: Hyoid Bone

What are the attachments of cricothyroid?

Origin: Cricoid Cartilage

Insertion: Thyroid Cartilage

What are the attachments of anterior scalene?

Origin: Transverse Processes C3-C6

Insertion: First Rib

What are the attachments of middle scalene?

Origin: Transverse Processes C2-C7

Insertion: First Rib

What are the attachments of posterior scalene?

Origin: Transverse Processes C4-C6

Insertion: Second Rib

What are the attachments of longus colli?

Origin: Vertebral Bodies & Transverse Processes (C5-T3)

Insertion: Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C6)

What are the attachments of longus capitis?

Origin: Transverse Processes C3-C6

Insertion: Basilar Part of Occipital Bone

What are the attachments of superior pharyngeal constrictor?

Origin: Pterygoid Plate. Mandible

Insertion: Pharyngeal Raphe

What are the attachments of middle pharyngeal constrictor?

Origin: Hyoid Bone

Insertion: Pharyngeal Raphe

What are the attachments of inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

Origin: Thyroid & Cricoid Cartilages

Insertion: Pharyngeal Raphe

What is the thick, outermost meningeal layer surrounding the spinal cord?

Dura Mater

What is the thin, delicate meningeal layer just deep to the dura mater?

Arachnoid Mater

Which meningeal layer is directly adherent to the surface of the spinal cord?

Pia Mater

Which structure marks the end of the spinal cord near level L1?

Conus Medullaris

Inferior to the conus medullaris, there is a collection of spinal nerve roots that extend inferiorly within the vertebral canal known as what?

Cauda Equina

Which structure extends centrally from the cauda equina and attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Filum Terminale

Which type of nerve roots carry sensory fibers?

Dorsal (posterior) Roots

Which type of nerve roots cary motor fibers?

Ventral (anterior) Roots

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are contained within which structure?

Dorsal Root Ganglion

The union of the dorsal and vertal roots after piercing the dura mater are known as what?

Which structure, within the dura mater, is a lateral extension of the pia mater located between the dorsal and ventral roots?

Denticulate Ligament

Which structure connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?

Ligamentum Flavum

Which structure holds the dens of C2 in place against the anterior arch of the atlas?

Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

Which vein travels superficially across the sternocleidomastoid?

External Jugular Vein

Which nerve travels along the deep surface of the sternocleidomastoid?

Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Which nerve travels superiorly along the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid?

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Which nerve ascends across the surface of the sternocleidomastoid toward the ear?

Great Auricular Nerve

Which nerve passes horizontally across the neck and emergese near the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid?

Transverse Cervical Nerve

Which nerve descends inferiorly and can be identified near the clavicle?

Supraclavicular Nerve

What is the most superficial muscle of the infrahyoid muscles?

Sternohyoid

Which muscle forms the floor of the oral cavity?

Mylohyoid

Which nerve travels just superior to the hyoid bone?

Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)

Which artery does superior thyroid artery branch from?

External Carotid Artery

Which nerve does superior laryngeal nerve branch from?

Vagus Nerve

Which nerve ascends in the neck after branching from vagus nerve?

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve changes to which name after it passes deep to enter the larynx?

Inferior Laryngeal Nerve

Which muscle is posterior to the subclavian vein?

Anterior Scalene

Which structure emerges between the anterior and middle scalene muscles and travels toward the upper limb?

Roots of Brachial Plexus

Which artery ascends through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae?

Vertebral Artery

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

Inferior Thyroid Artery

Dorsal Scapular Artery

Suprascapular Artery

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Which structure forms the muscular wall of the pharynx?

Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles

Which muscle descends between the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Stylopharyngeus

Which ligament is located between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages?

Median Cricothyroid Ligament

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many fused sacral vertebrae are there?

5

What type of curve do the cervical vertebrae have?

Lordosis

What type of curve do the thoracic vertebrae have?

Kyphosis

What type of curve do the lumbar vertebrae have?

Lordosis

What type of curve do the sacral vertebrae have?

Kyphosis

Which condition involves excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine?

Hyperlordosis

Which condition involves an excessive forward curve in the thoracic spine?

Hyperkyphosis

Which condition involves a “c” or “s” shaped curvature of the spine?

Scoliosis

What is the primary curve in the development of spinal curves?

Kyphosis

What are the secondary curves in the development of spinal curves?

Cervical Lordosis

Lumbar Lordosis

Which bony landmark forms the roof of the posterior vertebral arch?

Lamina

Which bony landmark connects the posterior vertebral arch to the body of the vertebrae?

Pedicle

What bony landmark is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae?

Vertebral Body

What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?

Nucleus Pulposus

Annulus Fibrosus

Which condition involves a tear in the annulus fibrosis, leading to the nucleus pulposus compressing a nerve root in the spine?

Herniated/Slipped Disc

Which bony landmarks form the zygapophyseal/facet joints?

Inferior Articular Process

Superior Articular Process

Which section of vertebrae allow for the most movement?

Cervical Vertebrae

Which structure do cervical vertebrae possess that other vertebral sections do not?

Transverse Foramen

Which structure(s) run in the transverse foramen?

Vertebral Artery

Vertebral Vein

Which vertebrae articulates with the occipital bone of the skull?

Atlas (C1)

Which vertebrae contains a “dens” to provide a pivot for atlas (C1)?

Axis (C2)

What is another name for the “dens” of the axis (C2)?

Odontoid Process

Which section of vertebrae are the only ones to articulate with the ribs?

Thoracic Vertebrae

Which bony landmark do the thoracic vertebrae possess that no other section contains?

Costal Facets