MEB - Reactions & Energy Balance

What is combustion in chemical reactions?

A reaction that involves the burning of a substance, usually in the presence of oxygen.

What occurs in a neutralization reaction?

An acid and a base combine to form water and a salt.

What is saponification?

The process of transforming fats into soap and alcohol through a reaction with a caustic base.

Define hydration in terms of chemical reactions.

A reaction where water is added to a substance.

What does dehydration refer to in chemical reactions?

The removal of water from a substance.

Describe hydrogenation.

A chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen (H2) to a substance.

What is dehydrogenation?

The process of removing hydrogen (H2) from a substance.

What happens during fermentation?

Sugar is transformed into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

What are named reactions?

They are specific reactions recognized by their discoverers, such as Ostwald, Haber, Claus, and photosynthesis.

What is the first step in stoichiometry?

Balancing a reaction from the word statement.

How do you determine the limiting reactant?

By comparing the mole ratios of the reactants in the balanced equation to their initial amounts.

What is the significance of stoichiometric coefficients in reactions?

They determine the amount of every reactant and product in a reaction.

What does the extent of a reaction represent?

It represents the change in moles for each species due to the reaction.

What is the formula for calculating %A Excess?

%A Excess = (moles of A initial - moles of A stoich) / moles of A stoich * 100%.

What is single pass conversion?

The fraction of reactant converted in a single pass through a reactor.

What is a species balance?

It is a straightforward extrapolation of methods to track the amounts of species in a reactor.

Define extent notation for reactants and products.

Reactants are negative, and products are positive, indicating their change in moles.

What does the ideal gas law relate?

It relates pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) with the amount of gas (n) as PV = nRT.

Under what conditions does a gas behave ideally?

Low pressure, high temperature, and simple molecules with no significant molecular interactions.

What are the characteristics of a mass/mole balance with respect to reactors?

It considers the generation and consumption of species within the reactor.

What is an example of a conversion formula for limiting reactants?

Conversion = fA = (moles of A reacted) / (moles of A fed).

How do you describe energy balances in relation to mass balances?

By assessing the energy associated with mass transfers due to processes like phase changes.