Biology SOL

A red flowers is dominant to white flowers. What is the expected result of a cross between two heterozygous rose plants?

75% red 25% white

To classify an organism a scientist finds in the field, which of these will the scientist first compare to other known organisms?

Physical structure

For the growth curve to continue increasing, which of these must occur?

The resources in the new environment must be unlimited

What did Rosaline Franklin contribute to the understanding of DNA molecules?

An image indicating the shape of a DNA molecule

Darwin’s explanation for evolution was dependent on which specific concept?

The existence of variations in a population

Which best helps scientists determine the age of fossils?

Radioactive isotopes

A student is investigating the effect of plants on indoor air quality and states, “If plants are added to an indoor environment, the air quality will improve.” This statement is an example of –

A hypothesis

Although controversial at first, the germ theory of disease proposed that microorganisms were the cause of many diseases. Which of these was a result of the general acceptance that microorganisms cause disease?

The development and use of antibiotics

A biologist gathered data to show the interaction of the golden-cheeked warrior and juniper tree populations. Which conclusion did the biologist most likely make from the data shown?

The optimum habitat for the golden-cheeked warbler population is 100 juniper trees per acre

Studying the difference between fossils and modern organisms helps scientists better understand the —

Evolution of organisms over time

This chart shows observations made of an unknown organism. Based on this information, the organism most likely belongs to the kingdom –

Fungi

What can be concluded from this graph

The enzyme lowers the energy of activation for the reaction

Which statement is an inference based on this information?

Milkweed seeds are dispersed by wind

The weakness of hydrogen bonds between the bases of DNA allows —

Base pairs to separate during transcription and replicatioj

Which of these would most likely result in a change to the current classification of an organism?

Linking the organisms to different ancestors through DNA sequencing

Five species of frogs that live in separate habitats within 5 non-overlapping ranges along the Mississippi River share a common ancestor. Which process is most likely responsible for the formation of these five distinct species?

Geographic isolation

The diagram below shown represents the input and output of a process performed by the chloroplast of a cell. Which substance is most likely to be represented by Y?

CO₂

Which statement best describes her hypothesis

She thinks that some robins must migrate in the winter

Seaweeds occupy an important niche in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Which questions will best help a student identify the role of seaweeds in this ecosystem?

Which organisms depend on seaweeds as an energy source?

In 1950, Erwin Chargaff discovered that the percentage of adenine in DNA equals the percentage of thymine, and that the percentage of cytosine equals the percentage of guanine. This proved invaluable to the eventual discovery of which aspect of DNA?

Structure

The study of embryos and other early stages of development can help in the classification of living things, past and present, by providing clues about —

Common ancestry among vertebrate species

Which characteristic do most adult fungi and plants share?

They both have cells with walls

Students use a dissolved oxygen probe during a laboratory activity involving 1,000 mL samples of pond water. The function of the probe is to –

Gather accurate data

In a population of 120 oak trees, 25% of the population has wilt disease. What is the number of trees in this population that have oak wilt?

30

An insect called the hemlock woolly adelgid was introduced to a Virginia forest ecosystem. This pest feeds on the nutrients stored inside a hemlock tree, resulting in the death of the tree. Which kind of data would best help a student evaluate the effect of this insect?

Information about the ecosystem’s characteristics before the adelgid infestation

A student wanted to compare the transpiration rates of two different plant species at varying levels of humidity. The results are recorded in the table shown. Each plant group was given the same amount of water and light throughout the investigation. Which procedure should have been performed to prevent error in this investigation?

Both groups should have been tested in the same soil type at each humidity level

In an ecosystem, a sudden decrease in the number of bacteria in the soil would most likely result in —

A reduction in the amount of nitrogen available to the ecosystem

Medicines are being produced using recombinant DNA technology. For veterinarians, the use of this DNA technology will result in –

Making more treatments available for pets

The arrow in the diagram represents the movement of which molecular structure?

mRNA molecule

According to the classification key, what is the genus and species of this organism?

Eurytides marcellus

The jackrabbit is a desert mammal. The jackrabbit’s circulatory system increases blood flow to the ears during hot days. The blood flow to the ears decreases during cool or cold nights. The circulation pattern is most directly related to —

Homeostasis

Proteins are among the most diverse group of macromolecules because of the —

Different amino acids that can be connected in many sequences

Which is an activity that increases the genetic variation within a population of earthworms?

Sensual reproduction

The differences between a tadpole and an adult frog are due to the —

Different sets of genes expressed at each stage of development

After 24 hours, the amount of gas that accumulated at the top of the inverted test tube is measured. The students conclude that the light source is causing the water to evaporate, causing water vapor to fill the top of the tube. The best alternative explanation of the differences between the setups is that the – 

Light cause the elodea plants to photosynthesize, releasing O₂ gas

Scientists classifying modern animals are most likely to compare the —

Sequence of the animals’ DNA

Which feature do viruses have in common with animal cells?

Presence of a genetic code in nucleic acid

According to the diagram, the result of spermatogenesis is four sperm cells, each with

Half the original number of chromosomes

A group of ponies lives in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Reserve in Virginia. The development of longer legs over time would be selected for if –

It increased the survival rate of the long-legged ponies

One parent is heterozygous for a certain trait (Dd). The other parent is homozygous dominant (DD) for that trait. What is the percent chance that an offspring from this cross will be heterozygous?

50%

Living things

Require energy to carry on life processes, are composed of cells, and have the ability to reproduce

All living things maintain a balance within their cells and the environment through the process of

Homeostasis

The energy that drives metabolism in animals comes from

Food

A scientist noticed that the number of salamanders in ponds in the Rocky Mountains were declining. This was a(n)

Observation

Most typically, the order in which the steps scientific investigations are applied are

Observations, questions, hypothesis, predictions, controlled testing, conclusions

Scientists usually design experiments

With a good idea of the expected experimental results

A hypothesis is a

Testable possible explanation of an observation

 Dr. Ross knew that the parasite Plasmodium was always found in the blood of malaria patients. He thought that if the Anopheles mosquitoes were responsible for spreading malaria, then Plasmodium would be found in the mosquitoes. This idea was a

Hypothesis

A planned procedure to test a hypothesis is called a(n)

Experiment

A scientific theory

May be revised if new evidence is presented

Science differs from other disciplines, such as history and the arts, because science relies on

Testing explanations

Scientists publish the details of important experiments so that

Their experiments procedures can be reviewed, others can try to reproduce the results, and their work can be repeated

Cell specialization is multicellular organisms allow cells to

Perform different functions

Children tend to resemble their parents due to

Heredity

The word theory used in a scientific sense means

That of which the scientist is most certain

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons

A different number of neutrons

Which of the following terms describes a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in definite proportions?

Compound

Ice floats on water because

Water expands when it freezes

If the pH of stomach acid and of oven cleaner were measured,

The pH of stomach acid would be below 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be above 7

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

Store and transmit heredity

What is the term use to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started?

Activation energy

A substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(n)

Catalyst

Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the

Speed of the reaction

A covalent bond is formed as the result of

Sharing an electron pair

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pancreas?

Produces bile

Where does the process of chemical digestion begin?

Mouth

What does mechanical digestion in the stomach involve?

Strong muscular contractions

The stomach breaks down food into a soft, partially digested mixture called

Chyme

Through which structure do wastes pass into the rectum?

Large intestine

Who was the first person to identify and see cells?

Robert Hooke

The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that

All plants and animals are made of cells

The cell theory applies to

Bacteria, multicellular organisms, and plants and animals

Which cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities?

Nucleus

Eukaryotes usually contain

A nucleus, genetic material, and specialized organelles

Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is

Made of tough fibers

Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?

Cytoplasm

Which structures carry out cell movement?

Microtubules and microfilaments

Which organelle breaks down food into particles the cell can use?

Lysosome

Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?

Ribosome

Which organelle converts food into compounds that the cell uses for growth, development, and movement?

Mitochondrion

Which organelles help provide cells with energy?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

Chloroplast

Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment?

Cell membrane

Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

Regulates which materials enter and leave the cell

Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

Regulates which material enter and leave the cell

The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?

Proteins

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from

An area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion occurs because

Molecules constantly move and collide with each other

When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will

Move across the membrane in the both directions

Which means the particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?

Active transport

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

Osmosis

An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes

Water to move into the cell

The interior portion of a cell membrane forms a non-polar zone

Prevents ions and most large molecules from passing through the membrane

Refer to the illustration above. In this system, water molecules are most likely to diffuse in which direction?

From C to A

Refer to the illustration above. Which cell is most likely to lose both water molecules and dissolved particles as the system approaches equilibrium?

Cell D

Refer to the illustration above. In this system, dissolved particles in cell B are most likely to

Diffuse into cell A

Osmosis is a type of

Passive transport

A cell will swell when it is place in a(n)

Hypotonic solution

Ions move through ion channels by

Passive transport