GEOGRAPHY GRADE 9

What is Geography?

The study of places and the relationships between people and their environments, divided into Human and Physical Geography.

Human Geography vs. Physical Geography

Human Geography analyzes human activities and their relationship with the environment, whereas Physical Geography examines natural processes and features.

Mapping skills

The abilities required to understand, interpret, and create maps.

Provinces and territories of Canada

Canada is divided into ten provinces and three territories, each with its own governance and cultural characteristics.

Capital cities of Canada

Each province and territory has a capital city which serves as the administrative center.

Major bodies of water in Canada

Includes the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and major lakes such as Great Lakes.

Landform Regions

Distinct areas based on physical geography featuring specific landforms such as mountains, plains, and plateaus.

Geographic Inquiry Model

A framework for understanding geography, focusing on what is where, why there, and why it matters.

Canadian Demographics

Statistical study of Canada's population in terms of size, distribution, and composition.

Dependency Load

The ratio of dependents (aged 0-14 and 65+) to the working-age population.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the stages a country goes through as it transitions from high birth and death rates to lower rates.

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population used to assess population growth, decline, and demographic structure.

How to read a population pyramid

Interpret the shape and size of different age groups within a population to understand demographic trends.

Immigrant

A person who moves to a different country to live permanently.

Emigrant

A person who leaves their own country to live in another.

Economic Immigrants

Individuals who are selected for their ability to contribute economically to the host country.

Family Sponsored Immigrants

Newcomers who are sponsored by family members already living in the host country.

Refugees

People who are forced to flee their home country due to war, persecution, or violence.

Push and Pull factors

Reasons that compel individuals to leave their home country (push) or attract them to a new country (pull).

Population Density vs. Distribution

Population Density refers to the number of people per unit area, while Distribution describes how population is spread across an area.

Rural Settlement Patterns

Patterns of settlement in areas characterized by low population density and agricultural land use.

Urban Settlement Patterns

Patterns of settlement in densely populated areas, often characterized by infrastructure and services.

Multiplier Effect

The economic phenomenon where an initial investment leads to increased economic activity and job creation.

Urban Land Use

The allocation of land for various purposes in urban environments, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational.

Types of urban land use

Six types include residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreational, and agricultural.

Conservation

The sustainable management of natural resources to prevent depletion and protect ecosystems.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Plate Tectonics

The theory that describes the movement of the Earth's plates, resulting in geological phenomena.

Three types of plate boundaries

Divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries, each creating different landforms or geological features.

Glaciation and Erosion

Processes where glaciers shape the land and erode surfaces, influencing landscapes.

Natural disasters in Canada

Includes earthquakes, floods, fires, and winter storms, with specific regions more vulnerable.

Renewable resources

Natural resources that can be replenished naturally over time, such as solar energy and forests.

Non-Renewable resources

Resources that cannot be replenished in a human timeframe, such as fossil fuels and minerals.

Flow resources

Resources that are constantly replenished and available for use, like wind and tidal energy.

Industries in Canada

Four key types include primary (extraction), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), and quaternary (knowledge-based).

What is sustainability?

The practice of using resources in a way that maintains their availability for future generations.

Rate of Renewal

The speed at which a resource is naturally replenished.

Rate of Consumption

The rate at which resources are being used by a population.

Sustainable Development Goals

A collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations to promote sustainability and environmental protection.

Land Acknowledgement

An expression of gratitude and recognition for the land and its original Indigenous inhabitants.

Residential Schools

Government-sponsored religious schools that aimed to assimilate Indigenous children in Canada.

Impacts of resource usage on Indigenous communities

The effects that resource extraction and usage have on the culture, economy, and health of Indigenous peoples.

Global Warming vs. Climate Change

Global warming refers specifically to the rise in Earth's average surface temperature, while climate change includes broader long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climate indicators.

Weather vs. Climate

Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions; climate refers to long-term patterns and averages.

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

The warming of Earth’s surface due to the trapping of heat by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Impacts of Climate Change

Effects include rising sea levels, extreme weather events, habitat loss, and threats to biodiversity.

Evidence of Climate Change

Includes rising global temperatures, shrinking ice sheets, and changing precipitation patterns.

Ontario Greenbelt Scandal

A controversy involving land-use planning and environmental protection in Ontario, Canada.

Japan's Demographic Crisis

The challenges faced by Japan due to an aging population and declining birth rates.

Lobster Fishing Controversy

Debates surrounding regulations, sustainability, and the impact of fishing practices on lobster populations.

Cod Fishing Moratorium

A ban on cod fishing in Canada aimed to protect declining fish populations.

40 Million and Counting

A reference to discussions about population growth and demographic changes.

Fire Ravages Picturesque Jasper

An event indicating the impact of wildfires on ecosystems and tourism in Jasper National Park.

Active Learning

A study method that involves engaging with the material through discussions, teaching others, or summarizing what you've learned.

Flashcards

A study tool that consists of a card with a question or term on one side and the answer or definition on the reverse, used for memorization.

Practice Tests

Simulated exams that help students prepare for the actual test format and improve familiarity with the material.

Spaced Repetition

A learning technique involving increasing intervals of review to enhance memory retention.

Study Groups

Groups of students who collaborate to study together, share insights, and explain material to one another.