Anaphy chapter 2: Movement through the cell membrane

Cells

Basic unit of life

Organelle

Specialized structures with unique functions.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substances that hold the organelles

Cell membrane

Encloses the cytoplasm

Extracellular substances

substances found outside the cell, they are electrolytes except for potassium

Intracellar subtances

AKA cytoplasmic substances, substances found inside the cell

Metabolism, synthesis, communication, reproduction

Function of cell (4)

Cell mambrane

Selective permeable barrier

proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

Cell membrane contains (4):

hydrophobic

non polar phospholipid

hydrophilic

Polar phospholipid

Enzymes, Glycogen, Potassium

Substances found inside the cell(3):

Sodium, Calcium, Chloride.

Substances found outside the cell(3):

Solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another (Solute+solvent)

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Concentration gradient

the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points divided by the distance between two points.

active transport

the movement of substances through a cell membrane using energy

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water (solute>solvent)

Isotonic

Solute concentration is equal inside and outside of a cell (solute=solvent)

Hypotonic

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water (solute<solvent)

carrier mediated transport

The type of transport in which proteins bind to ions or substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane

leaked channels

constantly allow ions to pass through

gated channels

A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.

facilitated diffusion

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

Size, shape, and charge

Characteristics of ion or molecule to determine whether it can pass through a channel(3):

active transport system

Utilizes membrane proteins to move from higher to lower concentration against a concentration gradient
(PISO)

Secondary Active Transport

Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

occurs when a specific substance binds to the receptor molecule and is transported into the cell.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

Sectory Vesicle

a membrane-bound sac that can carry small particles of materials and even cells across the cell membrane. It helps endocytosis and exocytosis.