Patho Exam 2 Quiz Bank

what is the functional unit of the kidney called?

glomerulus

medulla

cortex

nephron

nephron

T/F: The ureter has peristaltic activity that draws urine out of the kidney into the bladder?

True

What determines the severity of a urinary tract obstruction

which kidney

completeness

cause

location

completeness, cause, location

What are risk factors for kidney stones?

high levels of fruits and veggies

fluid intake

genetic predisposition

gender

fluid intake, genetic predisposition, gender

Henoch-Schoenlein purpura is a pediatric disorder involving what mechanism?

occurs after GI illness

hemolytic anemia

deposition of IgA in the glomerulus

infection with certain strains of group A beta hemolytic streptococci

deposition of IgA in the glomerulus

How does the renal system interact with the endocrine system?

-the hypothalamus signals for the pituitary gland to decrease vasopressin, stimulating the kidneys to increase water reabsorption

-the pituitary gland released vasopressin, stimulating the kidneys to decrease water reabsorption

-the hypothalamus signals thirst, stimulating the kidneys to decrease water reabsorption

-the pituitary gland releases vasopressin, stimulating the kidneys to increase water reabsorption

the pituitary gland releases vasopressin, stimulating the kidney to increase water reabsorption

How does the renal system respond to cardiovascular feedback

-the kidneys decrease their filtration rate to retain more water when baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries detect a decrease in blood pressure

-the kidneys decrease sodium and water reabsorption when receptors in the heart detect changes in blood pressure

-sodium and water reabsorption increase in the nephrons when baroreceptors in the aortic arch detect an increase in blood pressure

-the kidneys increase sodium and water reabsorption when baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries detect a decrease in blood pressure

the kidneys increase sodium and water reabsorption when baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries detect a decrease in blood pressure

The process of renal causes the release of the hormone angiotensin 11, which stimulates the __ to secrete __

-adrenal glands, cortisol

-pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone

-adrenal glands, aldosterone

-kidneys, erythropoietin

adrenal glands, aldosterone

If you were explaining kidney perfusion to a classmate, you would likely make all the following statements except

-when cells within the nephrons detect an increase in perfusion, the kidneys release renin

-adequate perfusion and filtration rates ensure that the blood is cleared of waste before it leaves the kidney

-the renal arteries brain extensively to supply the renal cortex and pyramids, where nephrons filter the blood

-the kidneys help regulate blood pressure to maintain their perfusion and filtration rate

when cells within the nephrons detect an increase in perfusion, the kidney release renin

Which of the following statements best describes how water moves within the body to maintain homeostasis?

-water moves easily between the interstitium and intravascular spaces, but it can't move easily through cell membranes

-water moves easily through cell membranes, but it can't move easily between the interstitium and intravascular spaces

-water can't move easily between spaces in the body

-water moves easily through cell membranes and between the interstitium and intravascular spaces

water moves easily through cell membranes and between the interstitium and intravascular spaces

What path does filtered urine follow out of the kidney into the rest of the urinary tract?

-renal calyces, renal pelvis, renal pyramids, ureter

-renal calyces, renal pyramids, renal pelvis, ureter

-renal pyramids, renal pelvis, renal calyces, ureter

-renal pyramids, renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

renal pyramids, renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid-electrolyte balance in the body?

-when less water is ingested, cells swell, which causes bloating

-when excess water is ingested, sodium moves into the cells from the interstitial space

-when less water is ingested, sodium moves out of the cells into the interstitial space

-when excess water is ingested, cells swell, which causes bloating

when excess water is ingested, cells swell, which causes bloating

When less water is ingested, the concentration of sodium __ in the interstitial. Water travels down the concentration gradient __ the cells to achieve homeostasis

-remains the same, into

-increases, into

-increases, out of

-remains the same, out of

increases, out of

All of the following are homeostatically regulated by the renal system except

-fluid-electrolyte balance

-blood pressure

-white blood cell count

-acid-base balance of the blood

white blood cell count

How does aldosterone affect kidney function?

-it stimulates vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

-it decreases reabsorption of sodium and water

-it temporarily decreases blood pressure

-it increases reabsorption of sodium and water

in increases reabsorption of sodium and water

In the kidney, filtration occurs in the __ and reabsorption occurs in the __

-renal tubule, renal pelvis

glomerulus, renal pelvis

-renal tubule, glomerulus

-glomerulus, renal tubule

glomerulus, renal tubule

When discussing the permeability of the collecting duct, which of the following statements would you most likely make?

-vasopressin release decrease the permeability of the collecting duct

-vasopressin phosphorylates the aquaporin in the cell membrane, activating it to increase collecting duct permeability

-the collecting duct has tight junctions between its cells, so water must move via active transport through the cells to move into and out of the collecting duct

-more aquaporin channels in the membrane increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

more aquaporin channels in the membrane increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

To prevent alkalosis, __ hydrogen is secreted and __ bicarbonate is reabsorbed, decreasing the pH of the blood

-more, more

-less, more

-more, less

-less, less

less, less

Sodium ions move into the interstitium via __ to maintain the concentration gradient around the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

-osmosis

-sodium-potassium channels

-active transport

-diffusion

active transport

Where in the kidney is the highest concentration gradient?

-the renal pelvis

-the collecting ducts

-the renal medullar

-the renal cortex

the renal medulla

The first step in generating a concentrated medulla is to __ the ion concentration of tubular fluid in the loop of Henle's __ limb

-increase, ascending

-increase, descending

-decrease, descending

-decrease, ascending

increase, descending

If you were explaining how glomerular filtration rate is regulated, which of the following statements would you likely make?

-angiotensin II constricts the afferent and efferent arterioles to maintain glomerular filtration rate

-renin dilates the afferent and efferent arterioles to change the glomerular filtration rate

-renin constricts the afferent and efferent arterioles to maintain glomerular filtration rate

-angiotensin II dilates the afferent and efferent arterioles to change the glomerular filtration rate

angiotensin II constricts the afferent and efferent arterioles to maintain glomerular filtration rate

All of the following substances are reabsorbed back into the capillaries from the filtrate passing through the nephron except

-creatinine

-glucose

-amino acids

-bicarbonate

creatinine

All of the following are functions of the kidney except

-maintain sugar homeostasis in the blood

-balancing pH

-maintaining electrolyte homeostasis in the blood

-secreting waste products in urine

maintain sugar homeostasis in the blood

Where do kidney stones typically form?

-in the convoluted tubules

-in the ureters

-in the renal calyces

-in nephrons

in the renal calyces

What causes renal colic?

-obstruction of urine flow

-passage of small kidney stones

-passage of large kidney stones

-retention of large kidney stones inside the kidney

passage of large kidney stones

Which of the following statements accurately compares intrinsic renal failure and postrenal failure?

-both postrenal failure and intrinsic renal failure occur when there is a disruption within the nephron

-postrenal failure is typically caused by a blockage in the ureters, bladder, or urethra; intrinsic renal failure is caused by a breakdown of nephron function

-both postrenal failure and intrinsic renal failure are caused by decreased blood supply to the kidney

-intrinsic renal failure can be caused by disease of the glomeruli; postrenal failure can be caused by diseases of the collecting ducts

postrenal failure is typically caused by a blockage in the ureters, bladder, or urethra; intrinsic renal failure is caused by a breakdown of nephron function

What distinguishes the type of acute renal failure from each other?

-how severe the disruption of renal function is

-where the disruption of renal function occurs

-how quickly the disruption of renal function occurs

-whether the disruption of renal function has an internal or external cause

where the disruption of renal function occurs

All of the following are symptoms of acute tubular necrosis except

-blood in the urine

-brown sediment in the urine

-fluid and electrolyte imbalances

-waste buildup in the body

blood in the urine

All of the following conditions care prerenal failure except

-acute tubular necrosis

-hemorrhage

-dehydration

-congestive heart failure

acute tubular necrosis

Which of the following best describes kidney stones?

-crystallized salt deposits that only form in the ureters

-crystallized mineral or acid salt deposits that form in the urine

-excess mineral accumulations in the urine that continuously pass through the urinary tract

-undissolved mineral chunks that block urine flow through the ureters

crystalized mineral or acid salt deposits that form in the urine

All of the following can cause acute tubular necrosis except

-prolonged high blood pressure

-ingestion of a dangerous chemical

-dehydration

-blood loss

prolonged high blood pressure

How does acute tubular necrosis affect water and electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney?

- it increases water and electrolyte reabsorption, causing decreased urine output

-it decreases water reabsorption and increases electrolyte reabsorption, resulting in more dilute urine

-it increases water reabsorption and decreases electrolyte reabsorption, resulting in more concentrated urine

-it decreases water and electrolyte reabsorption, causing increased urine output

in increases water and electrolyte reabsorption, causing decreased urine output

All of the following characteristics increase the chance that a person will get kidney stones except

-a history of urinary tract infections

-obesity

-being elderly or middle-aged

-dehydration

a history of urinary tract infections

Intrinsic renal failure can occur when

-diseases of the tubules disrupt normal nephron function

-tumors develop and block the ureters

-a urinary tract infection reaches the bladder

-hemorrhage increases blood pressure and glomerular function

disease of the tubules disrupt normal nephron function

What structures initially develop the cysts that lead to polycystic kidney disease?

-the major calyces

-the minor calyces

-the renal pyramids

-the nephron tubules

the nephron tubules

Usually a urinary tract infection starts in the __ and moves toward the __

-kidney, ureter

-bladder, urethra,

-urethra, bladder

-ureter, bladder

urethra, bladder

All of the following statements accurately describe how cyst growth and multiplication affects renal structures except

-it enlarges the calyces

-it flattens and distorts the renal pelvis

-it compresses the functional and interstitial tissue in the renal medulla

-it compresses the functional and interstitial tissue in the renal cortex

it enlarges the calyces

All of the following are reasons that urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males except

-longer female urethra makes it more difficult to flush bacteria out of the urinary tract

-the shorter female urethra allows infections to reach the bladder more quickly

-anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the female urinary trat during menopause increase the risk of a UTI

-The shorter distance between the female urethral opening and the anus allows bacteria to enter the urinary tract more easily

longer female urethra makes it more difficult to flush bacteria out of the urinary tract

As chronic kidney failure worsens, the kidney; production of __ decreases, leading to a general decrease in __ production

-red blood cells, erythropoietin

-hemoglobin, red blood cell

-erythropoietin, hemoglobin

-erythropoietin, red blood cell

erythropoietin, red blood cells

All of the following are common causes of chronic renal failure except

-excess sodium ion excretion

-repeated acute renal failure

-chronic hypertension

-disease of the kidney

excess sodium ion excretion

If you were explaining the progression of polycystic kidney disease to a classmate, you would likely include all of the following statements except

-the cysts fill with blood, making their nephrons non-functional

-as the cysts grow , they crush nearby nephrons

-the kidney becomes bumpy and enlarged

-cysts begin to form in nephron tubules and spread through the renal cortex

the cysts fill with blood, making their nephrons non-functional

Which of the following is a common complication of polycystic kidney disease

-hypertension

-increased heart rate

-low blood pressure

-increased urine production

hypertension

What factor is a good indicator of the severity of chronic renal failure?

-glomerular filtration rate

-blood pressure

-ion concentration in the urine

-erythropoietin level

glomerular filtration rate

Which of the following is an effect of chronic renal failure?

-reabsorption of water and sodium increases in the kidney, leading to metabolic acidosis

-vitamin D receptors in the kidney start to fail, causing decreased calcium absorption and poor bone health

-erythropoietin production increases in the kidney, stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow

-production of urea increases, and it starts to build up in the glomeruli and tubules, causing a breakdown of nephron function

vitamin D receptors in the kidney start to fail, causing decreased calcium reabsorption and poor bone health

Which of the following factors increases the risk of a UTI?

-a gastrointestinal tract infection

-increased sodium intake

-a urinary tract blockage

-dehydration

a urinary tract blockage

How many layers are considered part of the skin?

1

2

3

4

3

What part of the OTPF does skin and related structure functions fall under?

contexts and environments

occupations

performance skills

client factors

client factors

Select what causes chronic inflammation

the persistence of bacteria inside phagocytes

unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

the persistence of toxins of the killed microorganisms

prolonged irritation by chemicals or physical irritants

all of the above

Which layer of the skin consists mostly of subcutaneous fat and typically above muscle tissue?

dermis

hypodermis

epidermis

connective tissue

hypodermis

what is the most common cause of burns?

contact

chemical

motor vehicle accident

fire/flame

fire/flame

Where are the olfactory receptors located?

Mucosal membranes

hard palate

conchae

soft palate

mucosa membranes

What is the purpose of the respiratory conchae? (Select all that apply)

Increased air turbulence

increased surface area

add moisture to exiting air

provide skeletal structure to the upper air pathway

increased air turbulence

increased surface area

Which kind of respiratory condition is an issue of exhalation?

Obstructive: scoliosis, sarcoidosis, neuromuscular disease

Restrictive: scoliosis, sarcoidosis, neuromuscular disease

Obstructive: COPD, chronic bronchitis, asthma

Restrictive: COPD, chronic bronchitis, asthma

Obstructive: COPD, chronic bronchitis, asthma

What is respiratory functional volume?

air remining in lung after expiration

amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

the total amount of exchangeable air

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

Where are all the tonsils located?

Pharynx

Larynx

Hard palate

soft palate

pharynx

All of the following statements accurately describes the pleural cavities except

-the prevent the collapse of the alveolar cavities on expiration

-they exert negative pressure on the lungs during inspiration

-they reduce friction

-they adhere the lungs to the moving chest wall

they prevent the collapse of the alveolar cavities on expiration

Contraction and relaxation of the __ drive the movement of the chest wall during normal ventilation

-internal and external intercostal muscles

-lungs and alveoli

-diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

-alveolar and pleural cavities

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

If you were explaining the role of the accessory respiratory muscles to a classmate, you would likely make all of the following statements except

-the respiratory centers signal them when the need for gas exchange escalates

-they can increase ventilation by further expanding the chest wall and lungs

-the respiratory centers signal them to drive adjustments to normal ventilation

-they can increase ventilation by reinforcing the contraction of the chest wall and lungs

the respiratory centers signal them to drive adjustments to normal ventilation

Which of the following terms refers to increased pCO2

-dyspnea

-hypoxia

-hypocapnia

-hypercapnia

hypercapnia

The respiratory centers that control the rate and depth of breathing are located in the

-cerebellum and hypothalamus

-pons and medulla

-respiratory muscles

-lungs

pons and medulla

The respiratory and __ systems work together to maintain pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

-urinary

-nervous

-lymphatic

-digestive

nervous

All of the following statements accurately describe pCO2 except

-it affects the pH of blood

-it affects the pH of cerebrospinal fluid

-it dictates most ongoing adjustments to ventilation

-it acts directly on the respiratory centers

it acts directly on the respiratory centers

Respiratory compliance is the ability of the

-respiratory muscles to expand and contract

-surfactant to reduce surface tension

-pleural cavities to expand and contract

-lungs and alveoli to expand and contract

lungs and alveoli to expand and contract

What are the two main types of COPD

-chronic bronchitis and emphysema

-pneumothorax and emphysema

-hypoxia and pneumothorax

-chronic bronchitis and hypoxia

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Which of the following statements is true about the airways in a patient with emphysema?

-the damaged airways collapse on inspiration and trap air in the alveoli

-the damaged airways hyperreact on expiration and cause inflammation

-the damaged airways hyper-react on inspiration and cause inflammation

-the damaged airways collapse on expiration and trap air in the alveoli

the damaged airways collapse on expiration and trap air in the alveoli

What is the term for the difficult, labored breathing that characterizes an asthma attack?

-hypoxia

-bronchoconstriction

-dyspnea

-emphysema

dyspnea

If you were explaining the effects of pneumothorax to a classmate, which of the following would you most likely say?

-it increases lung compliance and capacity, leading to oxygen toxicity

-it decreases lung compliance and capacity, leading to oxygen deficiency

-in increases positive pleural pressure, causing the lungs to expand too much

-in increases negative pleural pressure, preventing the lungs from expanding fully

it decreases lung compliance and capacity, leading to oxygen deficiency

Normally, the fluid-filled pleural cavity exerts__ pressure on the lungs, allowing them to __

-positive, contract

-negative, contract

-negative, expand

-positive, expand

negative, expand

Which of the following statements accurately describes the chain of events that occurs during an asthma attack?

-narrowed airways and edema cause excess mucus production, which leads to irritation that decreases pulmonary ventilation

-irritation causes narrowed airways and edema, which lead to excess mucus production that decreases pulmonary ventilation

-irritation causes excess mucus production, which leads to narrowed airways and edema that decrease pulmonary ventilation

-excess mucus production causes narrowed airways and edema, which leads to irritation that decreases pulmonary ventilation

irritation causes excess mucus production, which leads to narrowed airways and edema that decrease pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following is not a possible cause of pneumothorax?

-a laceration in the pleural membrane

-external chest trauma

-inhalation of pollutants

-a complication of another respiratory condition

inhalation of pollutants

What are the usual causes of COPD?

-smoking and inhalation of pollutants

-allergens and physical activity

-smoking and physical activity

-allergens and inhalation of pollutants

smoking and inhalation of pollutants

All of the following statements accurately describe the airways in a patient with chronic bronchitis except

-they can become constricted

-they may not have enough mucus

-they may have too much mucus

-they can become blocked

they may not have enough mucus

During an asthma attack, the airway defenses

-cause a respiratory infection

-shut down immune responses

-overreact

-underreact

overreact

__ is a condition that occurs when __ is made worse by an immune response

-pulmonary edema, hypoxia

-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), dyspnea

-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary edema

-pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

ARDS, pulmonary edema

What happens to the capillary membrane in a patient with ARDS?

-it becomes too permeable, allowing proteins, cells and fluid to enter

-it becomes impermeable, preventing proteins, cells and fluid from entering

-it becomes too permeable, allowing proteins, cells and fluid to leak out

-it becomes impermeable, preventing proteins, cells, and fluid from leaking out

it becomes too permeable, allowing proteins, cells and fluid to leak out

Pneumonia is an infection of lung tissues in which fluid and blood leak into the

-capillaries

-pleural cavity

-alveoli

-interstitium

alveoli

Pulmonary embolism typically occurs as a complication of

-deep vein thrombosis

-pneumothorax

-asthma

-pulmonary edema

deep vein thrombosis

If you were explaining the effects of pulmonary embolism to a classmate, you would likely say all of the following except

-it can cause the lungs to collapse

-it can decrease the oxygenation of blood for the rest of the body

-it can cause bleeding in the lungs

-it can decrease lung compliance

it can cause bleeding in the lungs

What is a possible cause of pulmonary edema?

-membrane damage

-a decrease in blood pressure

-thickening of the respiratory membrane

-oxygen deficiency

membrane damage

In a patient with pneumonia, which of the following is not likely to be caused by the swelling of capillaries?

-edema

-impaired gas exchange

-collapse of the alveoli

-reduced mucus production

reduced mucus production

What symptom do most pneumonia patients experience, in addition to coughing, fever, chills and infection?

-dyspnea

-airway constriction

-excess mucus production

-emphysema

dyspnea

If a non-small cell lung cancer has metastasized to the other lung or elsewhere in the body, it is in stage

-III

-IV

-II

-I

IV

All of the following are possible results of untreated or antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis except

-pneumonia

-Hodgkin's disease

-respiratory failure

-pneumothorax

Hodgkin's disease

Which of the following statements accurately describes a tumor associated with Stage IIA non-small cell lung cancer?

-the tumor has grown (>5cm), and it has spread toward major airways, nearby structures, or lymph nodes

-the tumor is larger (>5cm) or it has spread to lymph nodes in the lung

-the tumor is relatively small (

the tumor is larger (>5cm) or it has spread to lymph nodes in the lung

__ are the most common sub-type of non-small cell lung cancer, and they usually form __

-adenocarcinomas, toward the interior of the lung

-squamous cell carcinomas, in the outer regions of the lung

-squamous cell carcinomas, toward the interior of the lung

-adenocarcinomas, in the outer regions of the lung

adenocarcinomas, in the outer regions of the lung

Tuberculosis spreads by __ and proliferates in __ areas

-droplets coughed or sneezed through the air, environmentally polluted

-droplets coughed or sneezed through the air, crowded and poorly ventilated

-close contact, crowded and poorly ventilated

-close contact, environmentally polluted

droplets coughed or sneezed through the air, crowded and poorly ventilated

Tissue affected by a tuberculosis infection may become __, transforming into a cheese-like substance called caseum

-fibrotic

-elastic

-necrotic

-hemorrhagic

necrotic

What are the two main types of lung cancer?

-small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer

-small cell lung cancer and large cell lung cancer

-non-small cell lung cancer and non-large cell lung cancer

-non-large cell lung cancer and large cell lung cancer

small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer

In a patient with lung cancer, a carcinogen does all of the following except

-create a pathogenic environment in which cilia can become malignant

-creates a pathogenic environment in which epithelial cells can become malignant

-wear down airway defenses

-paralyze cilia

create a pathogenic environment in which cilia can become malignant

Which of the following accounts for about 80% of lung cancer cases?

-small cell lung cancer

-non-small cell lung cancer

-non-large cell lung cancer

-large cell lung cancer

non-small cell lung cancer

What are tubercles?

-inflamed alveoli

-nodules that form around immune cells

-immune cells that ingest bacteria

-bacteria that cause an initial reaction

nodules that form around immune cells

Which type of hypertension is due to a stiffening/rigidity of the aorta which increases cardiac output?

Isolated Systolic Hypertension

Secondary Hypertension

Idiopathic Hypertension

Primary Hypertension

Isolated Systolic Hypertension

This condition is synonymous with irreversible damage to the heart muscle as a result of coronary artery obstruction or prolonged lack of oxygen to cardiac tissue

Coronary Artery Disease

Tachycardia

Myocardial Infarction

Hypertension

Myocardial Infarction

A client diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF) is complaining of increased shortness of breath when lying in bed at night. Poor quality of sleep is increasing their level of fatigue and weakness during the day. What is the best recommendation?

-practice guided meditation before bed

-avoid lying flat by elevating the head of the bed or using additional pillows

-take medication to promote sleep

-perform progressive muscle relaxation exercises before going to sleep

Avoid lying flat by elevating the head of the bed or using additional pillows

What may present as a result of atherosclerosis? (Select all that apply)

Embolism

Fibroblast breakdown

Thrombosis

Aneurysm

Embolism, thrombosis, aneurysm

Match the structure to the correct path

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Carries blood towards the heart

carries blood away from the heart

connect the arteries and veins

Arteries- carries blood away from the heart

Capillaries- connects the arteries and veins

Veins- carries blood toward the heart

A physician writes an order for occupational therapy to evaluate Melissa who has morbid obesity and pannus. You would expect a body mass index of:

greater than 35kg/m2

less than 25kg/m2

greater than 40kg/m2

greater than 30kg/m2

greater than 40 kg/m2

John often overeats while claiming he is "still hungry." Which brain center is implicated in regulation of satiety?

Hypothalamus

Dopamine

Dorsal striatum

Prefrontal cortex

Hypothalamus

Which of these describe specific rates and rhythms of hormone secretion? (Select all that apply)

Frequent

Pulsatile

Cyclic

Diurnal

Pulsatile, cyclic, diurnal