Compartamentalization bio hl

Vocabulary flashcards covering eukaryotic and prokaryotic organelles, membrane classifications, non-organelle structures, differential centrifugation, and clathrin-mediated vesicle formation.

Organelle

A discrete (separate) structure in a cell that is adapted to perform a specific function.

Non-membrane bound organelles

Organelles not enclosed by a membrane, which include ribosomes, centrioles, microtubules, proteasomes, and nucleoli.

Single-membrane organelles

Organelles enclosed by a single membrane, including vesicles and vacuoles, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

Double-membrane organelles

Organelles enclosed by two membranes, specifically nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Cellular components that are not considered organelles

Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, cell wall, proteasome

Shared prokaryotic and eukaryotic organelles

the plasma membrane and ribosomes.

how cell centrifugation studys organelles

1 Place tissue or cell in a blender with cold isotonic solution (cold so enzyme slows down without denaturing and isotonic so the internal chemistry of the organelle and structure doesn’t break) 2. transfer the homogeneous into the differential centrifuge which separates the organelle is based on density using different speeds. 3. The first organelle to set it as a pellet at the bottom is the nucleus because it is the most dense

advantage of separating nucleus and cytoplasm

nucleus holds the DNA which act as a safeguard for a genetic material in protein synthesis. The mRNA will be produced through transcription before meeting the ribosomes in cytoplasm for translation into polypeptide. This allows for RNA modification in the nucleus in prokaryotes since there is no nucleus transcription occurs along with translation cytoplasm with no advantage of mRNA modification

advantage of compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells

Compartmentalization allows enzymes and substrates to be concentrated in one area of the cell, increasing the speed of enzyme activity. It also isolates substances that could damage other parts of the cell. For example, lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that work best at a low pH. If these enzymes were released into the cytoplasm, where the pH is nearly neutral, they would not function as efficiently. Compartmentalization maintains the optimum pH and other conditions needed for each organelle to carry out its specific function. It also organizes the cell’s contents into separate compartments, allowing different processes to occur efficiently at the same time.

Benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus

The outer membrane is continuous with RER so it’s facilitates the uptake of nucleus of protein synthesis on RER without endocytosis such requires energy

The nuclear envelope has many tiny pores for rapid movement of molecules between nucleus cytoplasm

in meiosis and mitosis this nuclear membrane breaks into small muscles to our movement of chromosomes to the poles

function of free Ribosomes and the RER

Ribosomes consist of RNA and proteins and have two subunits small and large. The small subunit binds mRNA while the large subunit has three tRNA binding sites. Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S in weight. free ribosomes, which synthesize proteins used inside the cell. and bound ribosomes are attached to the RER and synthesize proteins that are transported outside the cell

structure and function of Golgi apparatus between RER and plasma membrane

golgi is made of flattened sacs known as cisternae.

It processes proteins which occurs sequentially from the cis side to the trans side with the aid of enzymes in cisternae that modifies the proteins such as adding carbohydrate to make like a protein or adding a phosphate group

it establishes the structure of proteins

Once proteins are processed, they are placed in a vesicle which fuses with the plasma membrane to get outside the cell. This process is called exocytosis.

structure and function of vesicles insane (important)

Vesicles are small, rounded sacs surrounded by a single membrane. They form naturally during endocytosis and exocytosis and are involved in transporting substances within and across the plasma membrane.

During endocytosis, receptors on the cell surface bind to specific substances. The protein clathrin gathers around the membrane, causing it to invaginate. A lattice-like network of clathrin forms around the membrane bud, creating a clathrin-coated pit. The invaginated membrane then separates from the plasma membrane to form a vesicle, and the clathrin coat is released.