PUBH 1001 chapters 3 4 5 ?

health communications

the ways we distribute and perceive information for decision making

health informatics

the methods of collecting, compiling, and presenting data

statistics

birth, death, marriage, divorce, reporting of key communicable and specially-selected noncommunicable diseases (e.g. elevated lead levels, child and spouse abuse, etc.)

surveys-sampling

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

adverse event reporting

post marketing assessment of drugs and vaccines, efficacy and effectiveness

sentinel monitoring

early warnings or warning of previously unrecognized events

syndromic surveillance

use of symptom patterns (e.g., headaches, cough/fever or GI symptoms, plus increased sales of over-the-counter drugs) to raise alert of possible new or increased disease

national vital statistics reports

provisional counts of births, deaths, marriages and divorces

national hospital discharge survey

use of short-stay hospitals, diagnosis, length of stay, discharge status

national ambulatory medical care survey

physician-patient encounters, signs/symptoms, procedures, diagnoses

national nursing home survey

utilization of skilled facilities, diagnosis, dispositio

health interview survey

Household demographics, health reports, resource utilization

national health and nutrition examination survey (n-hanes)

physical/physiological measurements, disease prevalence, nutrition

gain framing

works to encourage "safe" preventative behaviors

loss framing

works to encourage "risky" illness detection behaviors

optimism bias

letting 'personal' information trump 'public' knowledge

contextual bias

altering decisions according to time, place, person, setting

choice fatigue

decision making deteriorating over time

arousal, anger, pride, hunger, frustration, envy

appearance and circumstance trumps judgment

date

facts or the representation of facts as opposed to the information

public health surveillance

collection of health data at the basis for monitoring and understanding health problems, generating hypotheses about etiology, and evaluating the success of interventions

database

a collection of data organized in such a way that a computer program can select and compile the desired pieces of data

population health status measures

quantitative summary measures of the health of a large population, such as life expectancy and HALEs

infant mortality rate

estimates the rate of death in the first year of life

life expectancy

summarizes the impact of death in an entire population utilizing the probability of death at each age of life in a particular year in a particular population

under 5 mortality

estimates the probability of dying during the first 5 years of life

health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

combines life expectancy with a measure of the population's overall quality of health

disability-adjusted life years

incorporates measures of death and disability and allows for measurement of the impact of categories of diseases and risk factors

health-related quality of life (HRQOL)

reflects the number of unhealthy days due to physical plus mental impairment; does not incorporate the impact of death

health literacy

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

estimation

a statistical term implying a measurement of the strength of an association or the size of a difference

inference

a statistical term used to imply the drawing of conclusions about a population based upon data from a sample using statistical significance testing

dread effect

perception of an increase in the probability of occurrence of an event due to its ease of being able to be visualized and its feared consequences

unfamiliarity effect

perception of increased probability of an event due to an individual's absence of prior experience with the event

uncontrollability effect

perception of increased probability of occurrence of an event due to the perceived inability of an individual to control or prevent the event from occurring

decision analysis

a process that compares the outcomes of two or more interventions based on principles of expected utility

utility scale

a scale that goes from zero to one, with zero reflecting immediate death and one reflecting full health

expected utility

the probability multiplied by the utility to produce a probability that takes into account the utility of the outcome

decision tree

a graphic method for displaying the benefits and harms of two or more options for intervention

discounting

a process in which we place greater importance on events that are expected to occur in the immediate future than on events that are expected to occur in the distant future

decision maker

a generic term that can be applied to a range of individuals and organizations that make health decisions, including individual's health professionals, and organizations, ranging from nonprofits to corporations to government agencies

fleuristics

rules of thumb for decision making that often allow more rapid decision making based on a limited amount of information

risk-taking attitudes

a decision-making attitude in which an individual or group consistently favors taking actions or avoiding actions that differ from the recommendations of a decision analysis utilizing probabilities, utilities, and the timing of events

certainty effect

a risk-taking attitude in which the decision maker favors the status quo rather than a probability of obtaining a better or worse outcome

long-shot effect

a decision-making attitude in which a decision maker perceives the status quo as intolerable and is willing to take an action with only a small chance of success and a large chance of making the situation worse

inform of decision

a decision-making approach in which a clinician is merely expected to inform the patient of what is planned

informed consent

a decision-making approach in which a clinician is expected to provide information and obtain agreement to proceed from the patient

socioeconomic status

a measurement using scales reflecting education, income, and professional status

socioeconomic gradient

a phenomenon describing the hierarchical differences in health outcomes among a population based on the value that society places on certain characteristics, whether it be income, job, educational attainment, etc.

social determinants of health

the complex, integrated, and overlapping social structures and economic systems including the social environment, physical environment, health services, structural, and societal factors

micro issues

how individuals deal with their circumstances (the individual: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, personality traits)

meso issues

how individuals come together to deal with their circumstances (family, friends, peers, school, church, clubs)

macro issues

how individuals are grouped and organized to deal with circumstances (politics, economy, ecology/environment, housing, work, health care)

health disparities

a type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage

mental health

a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with challenges

healthcare disparity

racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences, and appropriateness of intervention

health inequity

a difference or disparity in health outcomes that is systematic, avoidable, and unjust

downstream factors

factors affecting behavior that directly involve an individual and can potentially be altered by individual interventions, such as an addiction to nicotine

mainstream factors

factors affecting behavior that result from the relationship of an individual with a larger group or population, such as peer pressure to smoke or the level of taxation on cigarettes

upstream factors

factors affecting behavior that are grounded in social structures and policies, such as government-sponsored programs that encourage tobacco production

theory

a set of interrelated concepts that presents a systematic view of relationships among variables in order to explain and predict events and situations

model

a combination of ideas and concepts taken from multiple theories and applied to specific problems in particular settings

intrapersonal

focusing on characteristics of the individual, including knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, self-concept, past experiences, and skills

interpersonal

focusing on relationships between people, acknowledging that other people influence behavior by sharing their thoughts, advice, feelings, emotional support, and other assistance

population and community

focusing on factors within social structures, such as norms, rules, regulations, policies, and laws

health belief model

a model of behavioral change that posits that personal beliefs influence health behavior and people will be more likely to take action if they believe they are susceptible to the condition

state of change model

a model of behavioral change that hypothesizes five steps in the process of behavioral change, including pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

theory of planned behavior

a theory of behavior change that posits that behavioral intention is influenced by individuals' attitudes toward performing a behavior, their beliefs about whether people important to them approve or disapprove of the behavior

social cognitive theory

an interpersonal theory of behavioral change that focuses on the interaction between individuals and their social systems

reciprocal determinism

a component of social cognitive theory describing dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior

diffusion of innovation

a theory that identifies stages of dissemination and types of adopters of new technology and other changes, including behavioral change

social marketing

the use of marketing theory, skills, and practice to achieve social change

product

identifying the behavior or innovation that is being marketed

price

identifying the benefits, the barriers, and the financial costs

place

identifying the target audiences and how to reach them

promotion

organizing a campaign or program to reach the target audience

branding

a marketing concept for creating identification with a product or service that is also used in social marketing

PRECEDE - PROCEED

a planning framework that provides a structure to design and evaluate health education and health promotion programs through a diagnostic planning process followed by an implementation and evaluation process

behavioral economics

a method of economic analysis that seeks to utilize new psychological insights into human behavior to explain and change patient and clinician decision making

bioethics

lies at the intersection of health law and policy attempts to apply individual and group values and morals to controversial issues

pandemic

an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries are affecting a large number of people

police powers

authority of governmental public health based on the power of state government to pass legislation and implement actions to protect the common good

rights

protections afforded to individuals on the basis of the U.S. Constitution, a state constitution, or legislative actions

negative constitution

the principle that the U.S. constitution allows but does not require government to act to protect public health or to provide healthcare services

constitutional law

in the U.S., a form of law based upon the U.S. Constitution or the constitution of a state

legislative statutes

in the US, the type of law that includes statutes passed by legislative bodies at the federal, state, and local levels

administrative regulations

in the U.S., a type of law produced by executive agencies of federal, state, and local governments

judicial law

law made by courts when applying statutory or administrative law to specific cases

substantive due process

a type of due process in which state and federal governments must justify the grounds for depriving an individual of life, liberty, and property

procedural due process

a form of due process that prohibits governments from denying individuals a right in an arbitrary or unfair way

authoritative decision

a decision made by an individual or a group that has the power to implement the decision

health in all policies

a comprehensive approach where private and public entities, across sectors, work toward common goals to achieve improved health for all and reduce health inequities

social justice

a philosophy that aims to provide fair treatment and a fair share of the reward of society to individuals and groups

market justice

the philosophy that market forces should be relied upon to organize the delivery of healthcare services

no-duty principle

the standard of U.S. law that healthcare providers, either individuals or institutions, do not have an obligation to provide health services

1986 treatment for emergency medical conditions and women in labor act

provides a right to emergency medical care usually provided through hospital emergency departments

self-imposed risk

a potential threat an individual knowingly and willingly takes on through his or her own actions, such as choosing not to wear a motorcycle helmet while riding a motorcycle

imposed risk

a potential threat to the health of individuals and populations that is out of their direct control, such as exposure to environmental toxins from a local factory

quarantine

the compulsory physical separation of those with a disease or at high risk of developing a disease from the rest of the population

belmont report

established key principles upon which the current approach to protection of human subjects is based