Microbiology and Parasitology (Book) MTLE

1. Tetracycline

2. Aminoglycoside

3. Lincosamide

4. Chloramphenicol

5. Macrolide

What are the antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis?

1. Quinolones

2. Rifampicin

3. Sulfonamides

4. Trimethoprim

What are the antibiotics that inhibits DNA synthesis?

1. Polyene antibiotics

2. Polymyxin

3. Imidazoles

What are the antibiotics that inhibits Cell membrane?

1. Beta lactam

2. Cephalospirin

3. Glycopeptides

4. Bacitracin

5. Cycloserine

What are the antibiotics that inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Kirby-Bauer Sensitivity Test

What is the most commonly adapted method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

- 4mm thick in petri dish

- pH: 7.2 - 7.4

- for FASTIDIOUS MICROORGANISMS (Strep. pneumoniae)

- Incubated for 18 hours at 35 degrees Celsius

What are the characterization of Mueller-Hinton Agar?

1.5 x 10^8 CFU/mL

0.5 McFarland turbidity standard is equivalent to:

Sodium Polyanethol Sulfoonate (SPS)

What is the anticoagulant of the blood culture bottles?

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

What is the most common isolated organism in the throat?

Catalase Test

Micrococci and Staphylococci positive; Streptococci negative

Coagulase Test

a test in which organisms are mixed with rabbit plasma on a slide. if the cells clump together, the culture is positive

PYR test

designed for presumptive identification of group A streptococci and enterococci by determining the presence of the enzyme L-pyrrolidonyl arylamidase

Bile solubility test

What is the test used for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and a dissolution of colonies when positive?

CAMP test

Confirmatory test for group B Strep. (Strep. agalactiae), unknown beta Strep. is streaked perpendicular to Staph. aureus on blood agar

Hippurate hydrolysis test

Benzoic acid and glycine produced

glycine detected by the addition of ninhydrin reagent

Positive: Bluish/purple color

Negative: no color change

Positive: Group B strep

Oxidase test

*Positive Test:*

-Turns blue within 20-30 seconds

*Negative Test*

-No color change within thirty seconds

Urease Test

The above test is used to differentiate organisms on their ability to hydrolyze urea using the enzyme ___________.

What is this test called?

Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSI)

What test is used to identify pattern of glucose, lactose, and sucrose fermentation as well as H2S and gas production?

Alkaline slant/alkaline deep

K/K - non fermenter

Alkaline slant/acid deep

K/A - non lactose and non sucrose fermenter ; glucose fermenter

Acid slant/acid deep

A/A - lactose and sucrose fermenter , glucose fermenter

Black deep or butt

What is the indication for the production of H2S?

Nitrate reduction test - Pink or red color for positive result

The above test is used to determine whether an organism reduces nitrate to nitrite. What is this test and what is the positive color?

Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate

What is the test used to determine the identities of certain species of Gram negative bacteria?

ONPG test

Test for determining presence or absence of B-galactosidase

- gram positive cocci

- in clusters (grape - like appearance)

- catalase and coagulase positive

- negative for PYR and ONPG

- grows on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)

- penicillin resistance

Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylokinase

Also known as fibrinolysin; dissolves fibrin clots and may enable infection to spread one clot is dissolved

Staphylococcus epidermidis

most common species of coagulase negative staphylococci, novobiocin sensitive; cause ENDOCARDITIS especially after prosthetic heart valve insertion

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

cause of UTI in sexually active women, resistant to novobiocin

Alpha hemolytic

Incomplete zone of hemolysis

Beta hemolytic

complete zone of hemolysis

Streptococcus pyogenes

- Sensitive to bacitracin (Taxo A) and PYR positive

- Caused ACUTE PHARYNGITIS

- carrier of M protein

Hyaluronic acid

Inhibits phagocytosis

- Oxygen labile

- Sub-surface hemolysis

- Immunogenic

What are the characterization of Streptolysin O?

- Oxygen stable

- Surface hemolysis

- Non-immunogenic

What are the characterization of Streptolysin S?

Streptococcus agalactiae

Can cause MENINGITIS and SEPSIS in newborns

- CAMP test and Hippurate hydrolysis positive

- Bacitracin resistant

Group D non - enterococcus

normal fecal and oral flora

- indicator of colon cancer

- Bile esculin positive and PYR negative

Viridans streptococci

major cause of bacterial ENDOCARDITIS.

Optochin resistant ; Bile test negative

Streptococcus pneumoniae

caused of MENINGITIS and a rusty colored sputum.

-inhibited by Optochin (Taxo P)

Enterococcus

Lancefield group d antigen positive for bile esculin and positive for PYR test.

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella

referred to as nutritionally variant streptococci and require vitamin B6 (pyridoxal or pyridoxamine) and thiol for growth.

Listeria monocytogenes

- Meningitis in animals

- Demonstrate umbrella motility in semi-solid media

- demonstrate tumbling end-over-end in a wet mount

Corynebacterium diphteria

-arranged in PICKET FENCES or CHINESE CHARACTER appearance; exhibits pleomorphism

Elek test

uses antitoxin to detect toxin production

Corynebacterium jeikeium

causes of nosocomial infections and resistant to most antimicrobial agents.

Corynebacterium urealyticum

Can cause UTI

- Slow grower and rapid urease producer.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

primarily infects animals, causes erysipeloid lesions that resembles erysipelas

Nocardia asteroides

- stains as partially acid fast

- appear fungal like

- slow grower; requires up to 6 weeks for growth

Cutaneous anthrax

characterized by the formation of a black eschar on the skin

Pulmonary anthrax

spread by inhalation of spores from sheep's wool; otherwise known as WOOL - SORTER'S DISEASE

Gastrointestinal anthrax

rarest and the most severe form of anthrax; follows ingestion of spores.

Bacillus anthracis

large, non hemolytic colonies with filamentous projections, known as ''MEDUSA HEAD'' or ''LION FACE'' colonies.

Bacillus cereus

causes of food poisoning (known as the fried rice bacilli)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

fastidious and does not survive long outside; humans are the only known host.

Neisseria meningitidis

normal flora of the nasopharynx; causes meningococcal meningitis.

Moraxella catarrhalis

normal flora of the upper respiratory tract

- causes otitis media, sinusitis, and respiratory tract infections

- ASACCHAROLYTIC: all carbohydrate tests are negative

Escherichia coli

causes majority of UTI

- green metallic sheen colonies in EMB agar

- A/A

- O157:H7

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome; causes traveler's diarrhea.

Shigella

causes bacterial dysentery

- highly pathogenic;

Klebsiella granulomatis

known as Calymmatobacterium

- causes granuloma inguinale a sexually transmitted disease.

Serratia

causes opportunistic infections in patients undergoing chemotherapy and immunosuppressed patients.

- VP and citrate positive

- ONPG positive but a delayed lactose fermenter

Salmonella

aka Typhoid mary (Mary Mallon)

- kaufmann and white scheme has been used to identify serotypes.

O antigen

what is the somatic antigen?

H antigen

What is the flagellar antigen?

K o Vi antigen

what is the capsular antigen?

Proteus

exhibits SWARMING motility

-Phenylalanine deaminase positive.

Yersinia pestis

the causative agent of plague and considered a potential bioterrorism agent and can be transmitted through flea.

Yersinia enterocolitica

causes enterocolitis in humans, characteristically sucrose fermenters.

- produces RED BULL'S EYE COLONIES in CIN medium

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

cause of lymphadenitis in children

Wayson stain

Stain used to identify Bipolar bodies of Y. pestis

Haemophilus influenzae

known as Pfeifer's bacilli

- the most common cause of EPIGLOTTITIS

- requires X and V factor

- satellitism with S. aureus

Haemophilus aegyptius

Also known as Koch-weeks bacillus

-causes pink eye conjunctivitis

Haemophilus ducreyi

causes genital ulcers (soft chancres or chancroid)

- has characteristics ''SCHOOL OF FISH'' appearance in the gram stain of genital ulcers.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

causes eye and ear infections and is responsible for ''SWIMMER'S EAR''.

- the only organism capable of producing the BLUE PIGMENT PYOCYANIN.

Burkholderia cepacia

known as pseudomonas cepacia; can cause nosocomial infections and is a frequent pathogen in respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

the only oxidase negative member of the pseudomonas family.

- known as Xanthomonas maltophila

- produces pyoverdin

Burkholderia mallei

causative agent of glanders which is a zoonotic infection.

Burkholderia pseudomallei

causes melioidosis, a glanders like disease.

Actinobacillus

produce colonies with star like centers

Brucella

causes undulant fever

- biosafety level 3 is require

Bordetella pertussis

causes whooping cough

- uses Regan - lowe agars (charcoal horse blood agar)

Chromobacterium

produces purple or violet pigment due to production pigment VIOLACEIN

Francisella

causes tularemia a zoonotic infections found in rabbits; causes rabbit fever.

Gardnerella vaginalis

presence of CLUE CELLS is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis.

Legionella

causes a primary penumonia called _____________. Pontiac fever is a mild form, characterized by flu-like symptoms.

Streptobacillus moniliformis

causes rat-bite fever; if organism is ingested the result is HAVERHILL FEVER

Vibrio cholerae

causes rice watery stool; produces choleragen toxin.

Campylobacter

appear S-shaped or exhibit ''WINGS OF SEAGULL'' in gram stain.

-exhibits DARTING MOTILITY

Helicobacter pylori

causes peptic and duodenal ulcers, highly associated with stomach cancer.

Treponema pallidum

causes syphilis, exhibit corkscrew motility seen by darkfield microscopy.

1. VDRL

2. RPR

Non-treponemal antigen tests that detects antibodies to cardiolipin known as REAGIN.

1. FTA-ABS

2. TP-PA

Treponemal antigen tests which are specific and confirmatory.

Borrelia burgdorferi

causes lyme disease, transmitted by ticks

Borrelia recurrentis

causes epidemic relapsing fever, transmitted by body lice.

Leptospira interrogans

causes leptospirosis (Weil's disease)

Photochromogens

produce yellow to orange pigment only when exposed to light.

Scotochromogens

produce yellow & orange pigments in both light & dark

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

colonies are tan or bluff, non-pigmented, granular colonies in 2-3 weeks at 37 degrees and exhibits cording phenomenon in acid fast staining.

Purified protein derivative (PPD)

is a skin test that determines exposure to M. tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium leprae

-agent of Hansen disease (leprosy)

-presence of LEPRA CELLS a macrophages with acid-fast bacilli inside.