SJU Midterm #1

What is anatomy?

The study of body structure and relationships btw bodyparts

What is physiology?

The study of how body structures function

What principal connects anatomy and physiology?

Structure determine function

Six levels of organization

Cellular, chemical, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

Chemical level

Atoms and molecules

Cellular level

Cells, basic unit of life

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells performing a common function

Organ level

2 or more tissue types working together

Organ system level

Multiple organs working together

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions

What does negative feedback do?

Reserves or reduces a change

What does positive feedback do?

Amplifies a change

Negative feedback example

Sweating when body temperature rises

Positive feedback example

Increasing contractions during labor

What is terminologia anatomical?

An international standardized terminology for anatomical structure

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Towards the feet

Medial

Toward body's midline

Lateral

Away from body's midline

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Farther from point of attachment

Superficial

Towards the body's surface

Deep

Farther from body surface

What does the sagittal plane divide?

Left or right portions

What does a frontal plane divide?

Anterior and posterior portions

What does a transverse plane divide

Superior and inferior portions

What are the 2 major divisions of the dorsal body cavity

Cranial and vertebral cavities

What does the cranial cavity contain?

The brain

What does the vertebral cavity contain?

The spinal cord

What does the thoracic cavity contain

Lungs, heart, and associated structures

4 major types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue ?

Covering, lining, protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration

What is connective tissue specialized for?

Support, binding, protection, storage, and transport

What is muscle tissue specialized for?

Contraction and movement

What is nervous tissue specialized for?

Communication and control through electrical signaling

What are the three categories of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

Cartilage and bone

What are the two fluid connective tissues?

Blood and lymph

What is simple epithelium?

One epithelium layer

What is stratified epithelium?

Multiple epithelial cell layers

What shape is a squamous cell?

Flat

Fibroblast

Mast abundant cell type,produces extracellular fibers and ground substance

Fibrocytes

Less active, nature form of a fibroblast

Adlipocytes

Fat cells that store lipid droplets for energy and insulation

Mesenchymal cell

A multipotent stem cell that can differentiate into various connective tissue cells

Melanocytes

A pigment producing cell that synthesizes melanin

Fixed macrophage

Permanently resides in tissue to engulf pathogens and damaged cells

Free macrophages

A mobile phagocytic cell that wanders through the tissue to fight infection

Mast cell

Contains granules filled with histamine and heparin to stimulate inflammation

Plasma cell

A differentiated b-lymphocytes that secretes antibodies

Lymphocyte

A white blood cell involved in the adaptive immune response

Collagen fibers

Thick, straight, unbranched fibers that provide high tensile strength

Elastic fibers

Thin, wavy, branched fibers that allow the tissue to stretch and recoil

Reticular fibers

Thinner, branching collagenous fibers that form a supportive, interwoven framework

Ground substance

Fluid gel-like b background material that fills space btw cells and fibers

What shape is a cuboidal cell?

Cube shaped

What shape is a columnar cell?

Tall and column-shaped

What is the main function of simple squamous epithelium?

Diffusion and filtration

What is the main function of simple cuboidal epithelium

Absorption and secretion

What is the main function of simple columnar epithelium?

Absorption and secretion

What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Protection

Which epithelium allows the urinary bladder to stretch?

Transitional epithelium

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Which muscle is striated and voluntary?

Skeletal muscles

Which muscle is found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle

What are intercalated discs?

Specialized connections btw cardiac muscle cells

Which muscle is nonstriated and involuntary?

Smooth muscle

What are the two major cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons and neurolgia

What is the function of neurons?

Transmit electrical signals

What is the function of neuroglia?

Support, protect, and maintain neurons

What are the four tissue membranes?

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

What membrane is the skin?

Cutaneous membrane

What membrane lines closed body cavities

Serous membrane

What membrane lines movable joint cavities

Synovial membrane

What are the two major layers of skin?

Epidermis and dermis

What lies beneath the dermis?

The subcutaneous layer/hypodermis

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

What is the most superficial epidermal layer?

Stratum corneum

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

Stratum lucidium

Where are melanocytes primarily located?

Stratum basale

What do melanocytes produce?

Melanin

What does melanin do?

Contributes to pigmentation and protects against UV radiation

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Papillary and reticular layer

What type of connective tissue makes up the papillary layer?

Areolar connective tissue

Jaundice

Buildup of bile produced by liver turning skin yellow

Vitiligo

Loss of melanocytes resulting in loss of skin color in patches

Cutaneous (skin)

Water-resistant outer body cover for protection and themoregulation

Mucous

Lines open tracts to trap particles and aid absorption/secretion

Serous

Lines closed body cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) to cut organ friction

Synovial

Lines joint cavities to produce lubricating synovial fluicl

Stratum corner

Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes

Stratum lucidum

Glassy layer in thick skin only

Stratum granulosum

Produce keratin

Stratum spinosum

Keratinocytes are bound together by desmosomes

Stratum basale

Deepest layer, contain stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells

Loose (arelor) connective tissue structure

Open, web like mix of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers in a gel ground substance

Loose (arelor) connective tissue function

Cushions organs, molds immune cells, and allow gas/nutrient diffusion

Loose (arelor) connective tissue location

Beneath epithelial membranes, around blood vessels and nerves

Dense regular connective tissue structure

Tightly packed collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other

Dense regular connective tissue function

High tensile strength to resist pulling force in one direction