Exam 1 Notes: Forensic Serology and Analysis

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering forensic serology, presumptive vs confirmatory testing, ethics, blood components, immunology, and semen analysis from Exam 1 Notes.

A presumptive test indicates that a substance __________ be present.

may

Presumptive tests are usually fast, sensitive, and __________ specific.

less

In a Kastle-Meyer test, a positive result for blood is indicated by a __________ color.

pink

For Leucomalachite Green (LMG), a positive blood indication is the color __________.

greenish blue

The Takayama test is a confirmatory test that produces __________ to confirm blood.

crystals

In forensic evidence analysis, __________ addresses the question 'Is something there?'.

Detection

In forensic evidence analysis, __________ addresses the question 'What is it?'.

Identification

In forensic evidence analysis, __________ addresses the question 'What category/type does it belong to?'.

Classification

In forensic evidence analysis, __________ addresses the question 'Can it be associated w/ one specific individual?'.

Individualization

The lowest amount of a substance that can be detected is the __________ (LOD).

Limit of Detection

The lowest amount of a substance that can be reliably measured/quantified is the __________ (LOQ).

Limit of Quantification

In redox chemistry, oxidation refers to the __________ of electrons.

loss

In redox chemistry, reduction refers to the __________ of electrons.

gain

Chemiluminescence is defined as the production of light from a __________ reaction.

chemical

'I' Ethics refers to the responsibility of the __________ forensic scientist.

individual

'We' Ethics refers to the responsibility of the entire __________.

laboratory/system

In the case involving analyst Joyce Gilchrist, Jeffrey Pierce was cleared by __________ after spending years in prison.

DNA

Annie Dookhan was a forensic drug chemist who falsified information and produced an unusually __________ number of results.

high

Quality Assurance (QA) is defined as the system/process designed to __________ quality.

maintain

Quality Control (QC) checks whether the system is actually working __________.

properly

Serology is defined as the medical science dealing w/ __________ fluids.

bodily

An antigen is a molecule/substance recognized by the immune system that can be targeted by __________.

antibodies

An antibody has a basic __________-shaped structure that allows it to recognize a specific target.

Y

In immunochromatographic cassette tests, a positive result requires both the test line and the __________ line to appear.

control

The High-Dose Hook Effect (HDHE) occurs when a very high concentration of the target causes a test to give a false __________.

negative

Anti-Human Serum is used to determine whether a biological stain is __________.

human

Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that recognize __________ epitope.

one

In ELISA, the color change is proportional to the amount of antigen present, allowing __________-quantitation.

semi

Plasma is composed of approximately $90\%$ water, $8\%$ proteins, and $2\%$ __________.

miscellaneous

Red blood cells are also referred to as __________.

erythrocytes

Red blood cells have a lifespan of about __________ days.

$$120$$

White blood cells are also called __________ and contain nuclear DNA.

leukocytes

Platelets are also called thrombocytes, and their main function is blood __________.

clotting

Heme contains iron ($\text{Fe}$), which is involved in reversible __________ binding.

oxygen

The T state (tense) of hemoglobin is more stable and has a __________ affinity for oxygen.

lower

The R state (relaxed) of hemoglobin has a __________ affinity for oxygen.

higher

In ABO blood typing, individuals with Type O blood have anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma, but __________ antigens on RBCs.

neither

Agglutination refers to the __________ of red blood cells when antibodies react with corresponding antigens.

clumping

A __________ is a person whose ABO substances are present in body fluids like saliva, semen, and urine.

secretor

Leucomalachite Green (LMG) can damage __________ and is therefore not ideal when preserving it is important.

DNA

Amido Black stains blood proteins and can replace LCV/LMG without damaging __________.

DNA

Seminal vesicles produce $50\text{--}80\%$ of seminal fluid and secrete __________, which provides energy for sperm.

fructose

Semen contains an Acid Phosphatase (AP) concentration approximately $100\text{--}1000\times$ greater than blood, produced by the __________.

prostate

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) breaks down/liquefies the semen gel in $5\text{--}30$ __________.

minutes

In the KPIC / Christmas Tree Stain, Kernechtrot stains nuclear material (head) __________.

red

A low sperm count of less than $20\text{ million}$ sperm cells per ejaculate is classified as __________.

oligospermic

In __________ ejaculation, semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the urethra.

retrograde