4.3b-4.3e

MRS TRAN.

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

social inhibition

worse performance on difficult or new tasks in front of others.

social loafing

putting in less effort when working in a group than when working alone.

deindividuation

losing self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity and arousal

group polarization

the tendency for group discussion to strengthen the group’s initial leanings. (ex: After discussing politics with like-minded friends, your opinions may become more extreme.)

groupthink

flawed group decision-making that occurs when the desire for harmony overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives (it can produce confident, fast decisions that are poorly reasoned—especially in high-stakes leadership groups.)

culture

consists of the behaviors, ideas, and values shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation

aggression

influenced by a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors; behavior intended to harm someone (physically or psychologically).

genetic influence

cover how heredity, DNA, and evolutionary history shape behavior, personality, and mental processes

neural influences

cover how the nervous system, neurons, and chemical messengers control behavior, thought, and physical actions

biochemical influences

internal chemical messengers—primarily neurotransmitters and hormones—that regulate physical functions, mood, cognition, and behavior

frustration-aggression principle

the idea that blocking an attempt to achieve a goal creates anger, which can generate aggression

aversive events

any unpleasant, painful, or noxious stimulus or situation that an organism tries to avoid, escape, or minimize

social scripts

a culturally modeled guide or mental blueprint for how to act, feel, and react in specific social situations

mere exposure effect

a psychological phenomenon where people develop a stronger preference or liking for a stimulus (such as a person, object, song, or symbol) simply because they have been exposed to it repeatedly

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another person, which is usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

emotions have two ingredients, which are

physical attraction + cognitive appraisal

companionate love

deep, affectionate, and stable attachment characterized by intimacy and commitment, but lacking intense er0tic passion

equity

a condition in a relationship where people receive from the interaction in proportion to what they put into it.

self disclosure

the intentional and voluntary act of sharing intimate, private, or personal information—such as thoughts, feelings, experiences, and beliefs—with another person

altruism

unselfish regard for and devotion to the welfare of others. (helping someone purely for their benefit without expecting any personal gain, reward, or recognition in return.)

bystander effect

a social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in an emergency when other people are present than when they are alone

social exchange theory

the psychological and social concept that people's interactions and relationships are guided by a continuous, subjective cost-benefit analysis, where the primary goal is to maximize rewards and minimize costs.

reciprocity norm

the unwritten social expectation that people must return help, gifts, or favors to those who have previously assisted them

social responsibility norm

the societal expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance, without expecting a personal reward or a return favor

social trap

a situation in which conflicting parties—by rationally pursuing their own short-term self-interest—become caught in mutually destructive behavior that harms the group in the long run.

mirror image perceptions

matching, mutually held views that two sides in a conflict have of each other

self-fulfilling prophecy

a phenomenon where a person's initial belief or expectation about a situation or another person changes their behavior, which then elicits a response that causes the belief to come true

superordinate goal

a shared objective that overrides differences between competing groups and can only be achieved through mutual cooperation.

GRIT

a social psychology strategy designed to de-escalate international or group conflicts