Repro Lab Practicum

Microscope

Scrotal circumference tape

Four basic tissues of the body

Epithelial, Nervous, Connective, and Muscular

Muscular Tissue- Skeletal

Voluntary

Muscular Tissue- Smooth

Involuntary

Muscular Tissue- Cardiac

Involuntary

Scrotum layers

Parietal/Visceral tunic vaginalis(vaginal tunic), Scrotal fascia, Tunica dartos(surface area), Scrotal Skin(sweat/cooling system)

Two types of testis

Pendulous - Hanging (Bull/Ram)

Non-Pendulous - attached on body (Stallion/Boar)

Epididymis and sperm characteristics (Three segments)

Caput (HEAD) - fluid reabsorption

Corpus (BODY) - maturation

Cauda (TAIL) - storage

Epididymis

Penis types

Muscular-Vascular(raises up or down): human, stallion

Fibroelastic(extends): bull, ram, boar

What does the ischiocavernosus muscle do during an erection?

Muscle contracts to pump blood into the crus penis

Fibroelastic penis has a sigmoid flexure

True

Sigmoid flexure

S-shaped bend in the penis that straightens during erection in fibroelastic species.

Arterial inflow increases

Vasodilation of arteries

Venous outflow

Decreases and forces blood down into erection canals

To transport sperm…

Vas deferens needs smooth muscle

Where is the cervix located?

Between vagina and uterus

Vagina

Connects the cervix to the external genitalia and serves as the birth canal

Vulva

External opening of the reproductive tract, receives permission during copulation

Functions of cervix

Muscular barrier to keep baby in and bacteria out; produces cervical mucus

Species and their cervix

Cow- annular rings

Ewe- annular rings

Sow- interdigitated

Mate- longitudinal folds

Ectocervix

Stratified squamous epithelium, hard squamous cells

Endocervix

Simple columnar epithelium, soft glandular cells protecting cervix

Broad ligament:Provide support to and suspend the reproductive tract within the pelvic cavity

Mesosalphinx, Mesometrium, Mesoovarium

Uterine body and horns

Uterine body and horn functions

• Transport sperm

• Luteolysis (PGF2a)

• Support pregnancy

• Placenta attachment

• Fetal expulsion

Uterus

Supports embryo and fetal development

Ampullary-Isthmic Junction(AIJ)

Site of fertilization

Oviduct functions

Gamete/zygote transport

Houses site of fertilization

Secretions

Ovary

Produces oocytes and reproductive hormones

Oviduct

Transports oocyte and embryo

Ampulla

Ovum transport

Infundibulum

“Catchers mit” captures ovary

Isthmus

Sperm reservoir

Early embryonic development

Ovary structures

Follicles

Corpora lutea

A follicle contains an immature oocyte surrounded by supporting cells.

True

Folliculogenesis

development and maturation of ovarian follicles

List the order of follicle stage

Primordial → Primary → Secondary → Tertiary

Primordial

First stage- immature oocyte surrounded by one layer of flattened cells.

Primary

Second stage- oocyte grows; surrounding granulosa cells become cuboidal.

Secondary

Third stage- multiple layers of granulosa cells develop; theca layers form.

Tertiary (antral)

Fourth stage- Fluid-filled space called the antrum develops

Which testicular cells produce testosterone?

Leydig cells

Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the oviduct

True

Which hormone causes luteolysis

PGF2a

Which species is a seasonal short day breeder

Sheep

What is the main function of Sertoli cells?

Support developing sperm

What is the solid ball of cells called?

Morula

What is the dominant hormone during diestrus?

Progesterone

What is the fetal portion of a ruminant placentome?

Coryledon

Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells?

LH

What does a CIDR release?

Progesterone

Horses are seasonal long day breeders.

True

what is the maternal recognition signal in pigs

Estrogen

Sertoli cells line the seminiferous tubules and support developing sperm cells.

True

Which pairing correctly describes the two-cell, two-gonadotropin theory of estrogen production and ovarian follicles?

LH stimulates theca cells to produce androgens, while FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens into estrogens.

Which assisted reproductive technology involves placing an individual sperm cell directly into an oocyte?

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Ruminants have a cotyledonsry placenta with distinct placental attachment sites

True

A CIDR used for estrous synchronization releases prostaglandin F2a to cause regression of the CL

False

Scrotum

Holds and protects the testes; regulates temperature.

Testicles (Testis)

Produce sperm and testosterone

Define Epididymis

Sperm mature, gain motility, and are stored.

Define Vas deferens

Transports sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra.

Produce seminal fluids that nourish, protect, and transport sperm.

Define Accessory sex glands

Define Penis

Delivers semen into the female reproductive tract during mating.

Define Urethra

Passageway for urine and semen (at different times).

Bulbourethral glands

Produces mucus-like secretions that lubricate and help prepare the urethra.

Prostate glands

Produces fluid that contributes to semen

seminal vesicles

produce a large portion of seminal fluid

Thermoregulation

Maintaining the proper temperature of the testes for sperm production.

High testicular temperatures can interfere with spermatogenesis, resulting in reduced sperm production, motility, and quality.

True

Important structures that have parts in thermoregulation

Pampiniform plexus

Cremaster muscle

Dartos muscle

Scrotal skin

Pampiniform plexus

Network of veins that cools incoming arterial blood through heat exchange

Cremaster muscle

Raises and lowers testes

Dartos muscle

Contracts or relaxes the scrotal skin to regulate heat loss.

Scrotal skin

helps release heat through sweating and blood flow

Peritubular myoid cells

Help move fluid and sperm through the seminiferous tubules through contraction.

sertoli cells support sperm

true

Leydid cells make testosterone

True

Granulosa cells

Support the oocyte and produce hormones

Theca cells

Produce androgen precursors used for estrogen production

Antrum

Fluid-filled cavity inside a developing follicle

DEFINE Leydig cells

Found in the interstitial compartment, produce testosterone in response to LH; support and nutrition to germ cells.

DEFINE Sertoli cells

Found in tubular compartment of the testes; secrete androgen-binding protein in response to FSH; support and nutrition to germ cells.

Corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)

RED, newly ruptured follicle, essentially a blood clot

Granulosa cells develop into large luteal cells

True

Corpus luteum (CL)

YELLOW, forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation, produces progesterone, and maintains the uterine environment

Luteolysis = destruction or regression of the corpus luteum.

True

Corpus albicans (CA)

WHITE, remain after CL regresses, look like dots

Luteogenesis

Formation of CL

What do hormones regulate?

Reproduction, growth, development, pregnancy

Endocrine

Hormone enters blood and acts on distant target cells

Paracrine

Diffuse to neighboring cells of same organ

Autocrine

Feedback on cell origin / itself

Exocrine

Releases secretions via duct

Neuroendocrine

Hormones released by a nerve are blood-borne

GnRH

Hypothalamus, stimulates pituitary release of FSH and LH

FSH

anterior pituitary, stimulates follicle growth and sertoli cell activity

LH

anterior pituitary, triggers ovulation and stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone