Geography Glossarys for test 2

Adult Literacy Rate

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write

Ageing population

a demographic shift where older people make up a growing share of a country or region's total population

Average 

a single value that summarizes or represents the middle, typical, or normal point of a set of numbers or a group

Birth rate 

the total number of live human births per 1,000 members of a population over a given period, usually one calendar year

Cartogram

a special type of map where the size, shape, or distance of geographic regions (like countries, states, or counties) is intentionally distorted to match a specific data variable instead of their actual land area

Choropleth map 

a type of statistical thematic map that uses colors, shades, or patterns to represent the spatial distribution or variation of a data variable across predefined geographic regions

Correlation 

a statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

Data

a collection of raw, unprocessed facts, numbers, words, measurements, observations, or symbols that describe the world

Death Rate

he ratio of the number of deaths to the total population of a specified area or group during a particular period of time, typically expressed per 1,000 or 100,000 individuals per year

Developed country 

a sovereign state that features a high quality of life, a mature and industrialized economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other nations

Developing country 

a sovereign state that typically has a less-developed industrial base, a lower average standard of living, and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to developed nations

Development

the act, process, or result of growing, changing, and advancing to a more mature or complex state

Disparity

a noticeable and significant difference, inequality, or dissimilarity between two or more things, often viewed as unfair or unjust

Distribution

the act of giving items out, spreading something, or arranging values across an area, group, or system

Economic factor 

external variables that shape the performance of an economy, influence consumer and business behavior, and impact investment values

Education inequality 

the unequal distribution of academic resources, quality, access, and outcomes among different social groups

Global inequality 

the uneven distribution of wealth, resources, opportunities, power, and living standards among the approximately 8 billion individuals on Earth

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 

the total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders during a specific time period, such as a quarter or a year 

GDP per capita 

an economic metric that measures a country's total economic output divided by its total population.

Health

 a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Human Development Index (HDI) 

a summary measure created by the United Nations Development Programme to assess a country's average achievement in key dimensions of human development 

Human wellbeing 

the quality of life, health, happiness, and prosperity that individuals and communities experience, and how these conditions vary across different places and spaces

Income

the flow of money, goods, or services received by individuals, households, or nations in exchange for labor, services, the sale of goods, or the return on investments within a specific geographic area or period

Income inequality 

the uneven spatial and regional distribution of earnings, wages, and household income across different geographic scales

Indicator 

a special sign or label used on products that come from a specific geographical region, where their unique qualities, reputation, or production methods are directly tied to that place of origin.

Infant mortality rate (IMR) 

In the same way that life expectancy varies greatly between the developing and the developed world, infant mortality rates (the proportion of children who die in their first year) are also strikingly different 

Inequality

the uneven, often unjust distribution of resources, wealth, living standards, and opportunities across different places and populations

Infrastructure

the basic physical, social, and organizational structures and facilities needed for a community, city, or country to function and grow

Interconnection

the concept that people, places, and environments are not isolated, but are closely linked and mutually dependent through natural and human systems

Life expectancy 

the average number of years a person is projected to live, based on current age-specific and sex-specific death rates within a specific country, region, or locality

Literacy

the ability to read and write effectively, allowing people to communicate, comprehend written information, and make sense of the world

Malnutrition

deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or essential nutrients

Objective indicator 

An objective indicator is a measurable, factual metric or sign used to evaluate whether a specific goal, project, or performance objective has been met, free from personal bias, emotion, or subjective opinion

Population

the total number of inhabitants, organisms, or statistical items living or contained within a specific geographic area, group, or dataset

Population pyramid 

a graphical chart that shows the distribution of a population by age group and biological sex

Quality of life 

an individual's overall sense of well-being, happiness, and satisfaction with their life, shaped by both personal experiences and living conditions

Rural area 

a geographic region located outside of cities and towns

Sanitation

the practice and system of keeping environments clean, safe, and healthy

Scale

multiple meanings depending on the context, functioning as a noun or a verb across everyday language, science, music, and physical structures

Scatter graph 

 Scatter plots are similar to line graphs in that they are used to display data plotted against two variables.

SHEEPT factors 

an analytical framework to systematically evaluate the multiple dimensions and causes behind geographical patterns, issues, or settlement trends

Source

a place, person, document, or thing from which something originates, is supplied, or is obtained

Standard of living 

the level of material wealth, comfort, and access to essential goods and services available to an individual, household, or society

Subjective indicator 

a measure of a condition, quality, or experience based on an individual's personal perceptions, feelings, opinions, or self-reports rather than independent, verifiable measurement

Trend

the general direction in which something is changing, developing, or moving over time.

Urban area 

a human settlement characterized by a high population density, extensive built infrastructure (such as roads, bridges, and commercial or residential buildings), and an economy centered on non-agricultural industries, services, and commerce

Variable

anything that can change, vary, or take on different values

Wealth 

Our access to the basic necessities of life (and any wants we may have) are determined largely by our degree of wealth and our ability to earn a living.

Wealth inequality 

the unequal distribution of assets and financial resources (such as real estate, stocks, superannuation, savings, and personal property minus debts) among individuals or groups in a society